1
Q
13 Lighter Than Air Gases
4H MEDIC ANNA
A
- Hydrogen
- Hydrogen Cyanide
- Helium
- Hydrogen Flouride
- Methane
- Ethylene
- Diborane
- Illuminating Gases
- Carbon Monoxide
- Acetylene
- Neon
- Nitrogen
- Ammonia
2
Q
Elevated Temp Materials
A
- Liquid phase at a temp at or above 212oF
- Liquid phase with a flash point at or above 100oF that is intentionally heated and offered for transportation or transported at or above its flash point
- Solid phase at a temp at or above 464oF
3
Q
ERG (Emergency Response Guide)
A
- ERG ID # Index (Yellow Pages)
- ERG Material Name Index (Blue Pages)
- ERG Initial Action Guides (Orange Pages)
- 3 Main Sections
- Potential Hazards
- Public Safety
- Emergency Response
- 3 Main Sections
4
Q
Release
A
- Detonation - Instantaneous and explosive release of stored chemical energy of material. Results include framentation, disintegration, or shattering of the container; Duration: hundreds or thousands of a second
- Violent Rupture - Immediate release caused by runaway cracks. Ballistic behavior of container and contents. Occurs in 1 sec or less
- Rapid Relief - Fast release of pressurized haz material through properly operating safety devices caused by damaged valves. Several seconds to several minutes
- Spill/Leak - Slow release of material under atmospheric or head pressure thru holes, rips, tears or usual openings. Several minutes to several days
5
Q
Dispersion Patterns/Engulfment
- Physical/chemical properties
- Prevailing weather conditions
- Local topography
- Duration of the release
- Control efforts of responders
A
- Hemispheric - Semicircular or dome-shaped
- Cloud - Ball-shaped
- Plume - Irregularly shaped
- Cone - Triangular
- Stream - Surface-following affected by gravity
- Pool - Three-dimensional
- Irregular
6
Q
Awareness Level Personnel
A
- Recognize the presence or potential presence of a hazardous material
- Recognize the type of container at a site and indentify the material in it if possible
- Transmit info to an appropriate authority and call for appropriate assistance
- Establish scene control by isolating area and denying entry
7
Q
Operations-Level Responders
Operations-Level Responders
.
A
- Indentify material
- Analyze an incident to determine the nature and extent of the problem
- Protect themselves, nearby persons, the environment and property
- Develop defensive plan of action (plan a response)
- Implement the planned response to mitigate or control a release from safe distance
- Evaluate progress of the actions
8
Q
NFPA 704 diamond
A
- 12 O’clock: Red; Flammability
- 3 O’clock: Yellow; Instability
- 9 O’clock: Blue; Health hazard
- 6 O’clock: No specified color; White most common; Reactivity w/ water; oxidizer0
9
Q
Department of Energy (DOE)
A
- Manages the national nuclear research and defense programs
- Including storage of high-level nuclear waste
10
Q
Department of Homeland Security
A
- Prevent terrorist attacks within the US
- Reduce America’s vulnerability to terrorism
- Minimize the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters
- FEMA and US Coast Guard
11
Q
Consumer Product Safety Commission
A
- Oversees and enforces compliance with the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, which requires that certain hazardous household products carry labeling for hazards
12
Q
Dept of Defense Explosives Safety Board
A
- Provides oversight of the develpment, manufacture, testing, maintenence, demilitarization, handling, transport and storage of explosives, including chemical agents on DOD facilities worldwide
13
Q
ATF and Department of Treasury
A
- Enforces laws relating to alcohol, tobacco, firearms, explosives and arson
14
Q
Dept of Justice
A
- Assigns primary responsibility for response to threats or acts of terrorism within US territory to the FBI
- FBI is lead agency on terrorist incident scenes
- FBI duties:
- Investigate the theft of hazardous materials
- Collects evidence
- Prosecutes criminal violations
15
Q
Corrosives
A
- Destroy or burn living tissue and have bad effects by virtue of thier corrosivity
- With exception of liquid and gas fuels, corrosives comprise the largest usage class (by volume) in industry
- Divided into 2 broad categories
- Acids
- Bases (alkalis or caustics)
- Hydrogen Peroxide is neither
16
Q
Acid
A
- Any chemical that ionizes (breaks down) to yield hydrogen ions in water
- pH values 0-6.9
- May cause severe chemical burns to flesh and eye damage
- Contact causes immediate pain
- Examples: Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid
17
Q
Base (alkalis)
A
- Water soluble compound that breaks apart in water to form a negatively charged hydroxide ion
- pH values of 8-14
- Breaks down fatty skin tissues and penetrate deeply into the body
- Can cause severy eye damage from adhering to eye tissues (More than acid)
- Does not normally cause immediate pain
- Common sign - greasy or slick feeling of skin
- Examples: Caustic soda, potassium hydroxide and other alkaline materials commonly used in drain cleaners
18
Q
Aboveground Nonpressure tanks (aka atmospheric tanks)
A
- Up to 0.5 psi inside
- Common types:
- horizontal
- ordinary cone roof
- floating roof
- lifter roof
- vapordome roof
19
Q
Aboveground Pressure storage tanks
A
- Low-pressure: 0.5-15 psi
- Pressure vessels: 15+ psi
- Examples:
- Dome roof
- Spheroid tank
- Noded spheroid
- Horizontal pressure vessel
- Spherical pressure vessel
- Cryogenic-Liquid storage tank
20
Q
Bulk Transportation Containers
3 Main Categories
A
- Tank cars (railroad)
- Cargo tank trucks (highway)
- Intermodal containers (highway, railroad, or marine vessel)
21
Q
Railroad cars
A
- Low-pressure or general service tank cars (nonpressure)
- transport haz and nonhaz w/ vapor pressures <25 psi at 105o - 115oF
- 4,000-45,000 gallons
- cylindrical w/ rounded ends (heads)
- Pressure tank cars
- flammable, non-flammable, poisonous gases
- >25psi at 68oF
- Cryogenic liquid tank cars
- tank-within-a-tank
- insulation and vacuum protects contents for 30 days
*
22
Q
Other railroad cars
A
- Covered hopper cars
- dry bulk; grain, calcium carbide, ammonium nitrate, cement
- Uncovered hopper cars
- Coal, sand, gravel, rocks
- Pneumatically unloaded hopper cars
- unloaded by air pressure
- 20 - 80 psi
23
Q
IM 102 intermodal tanks
A
- 14.5 - 25.4psi
24
Q
IM 101 intermodel tanks
A
- 25.4 - 100 psi
25
Pressure intermodal tanks
* 100-500 psi
26
Nonintervention reasons
* Pre-incident eval calls for it
* Beyond capabilites
* Explosions imminent
* Container damage threatens massive release
27
Nonintervention actions
* Withdraw to safe distance
* Report scene conditions to telecommunications center
* Inititiate an incident mgmt system
* Call for additional resources
* Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
* Commence evacuation
28
Defensive operations reasons
1. Pre-incident eval calls for it
2. Responders have training and equip necessary to confine the incident to the area of origin
29
Defensive operations actions
* Report scene conditions
* Iniitiate incident mgmt system
* Call for additional resources
* Isolate hazard area and deny entry
* Establish and indicate zone boundaries
* Commence evac where needed
* Control ignition sources
* Use appropriate defensive control tactics
* Protect exposures
* Perform rescues when safe and appropriate
* Evaluate and report incident progress
* Perform emergency decon procedures
30
Defensive spill-control tactics
* Absorption
* Adsorption
* Blanketing/Covering
* Dam, dike, diversion, retention
* Vapor suppression
31
Tactics for reducing harm of material or diluting concentration
* Vapor dispersion
* Ventilation
* Dispersion
* Dilution
* Dissolution
* Neutralization
32
Physical methods of decon
* Remove the contaminant from a contaminated person without changing the material chemically
* Examples:
* Absorption
* Adsorption
* Brushing and scraping
* Dilution
* Evaporation
* Isolation and disposal
* Washing
* Vacuuming
33
Chemical methods for decon
* Chemical degradation
* Sanitization
* Disinfection
* Sterilization
* Neutralization
* Solidification
34
High explosives
* Detonate
* Detonation velocities 3,300 feet per seconde to 29, 900 fps
* Faster than speed of sound
* Plastic explosives
* Nitroglycerin
* TNT
* Blasting caps
* Dynamite
* Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil
35
Low explosives
* Deflegrate (burn rapidly; black powder)
* Confined in small spaces are used as propellants (bullets and fireworks)
36
Primary explosives
* Easily initiated; highly sensitive to heat
* Used as detonators
* Lead azide
* Mercury fulminate
* Lead styphnate
37
Secondary explosives
* Detonate only under specific circumstances
* Usually by activation energy from primary
* Less sensitive to initiating stimuli like heat and flame
* TNT
38
Liquified gas
* Propane or carbon dioxide
* Partially liquid at 70oF
39
Cryogen
* Refrigerated liquified gas
* Gas that turns into a liquid at or below -130oF
* Liquid oxygen
* Nitrogen
* Helium
* Hydrogen
* Argon
* LNG (Liquified natural gas)
40
Biological hazards
* Viruses
* Simplest types of microorganisms that can only replicate themselves in the living cells of their hosts
* Do not respond to antibiotics
* Bacteria
* Microscopic, single celled organisms
* Most do not cause diseases
* Rickettsias
* Specialized bacteria that live and multiply in the gastrointest tract of carriers (fleas and ticks)
* Smaller than bacteria; larger than virus
* Spread through bite and not human contact
* Biological toxins
* Produced by living organisms
* Organism is not harmful to people
* Some made synthetically and genetically altered in labs
* Botulinum and Ricin
41
Containers for radioactive materials
* Excepted - Very limited; no risk
* Industrial - Limited hazard; not identified
* Slightly contaminated clothing
* Lab samples
* Smoke detectors
* Type A - Maintain sufficient shielding under normal transportation conditions
* Type B - Normal shipping and sever accident conditions;
* Type C - Very rare packages for high-activity materials (plutonium) transported by aircraft
42
UN Hazard Classes
EGFFOTRCM
1. Explosives
2. Gases
3. Flammable liquids
4. Flammable solids; spontaneous combustion; emit flammable gases on contact with water
5. Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides
6. Toxic and infectious
7. Radioactive materials
8. Corrosive
9. Miscellaneous dangerous
43
Emergency Response Guidebook
* Primarily a guide to aid emergency responders in quickly identifying the specific or generic hazards of materials involved in an emergency incident and protecting themselves and general public during the initial phase
* Does not address all circumstances
* Primary used for highway and railroad
* Limited value at fixed-facility
44
Degrees of Solubility
* Negligible - Less than 0.1%
* Slight - 0.1-1%
* Moderate - 1-10%
* Appreciable - 10-25%
* Completely - 25-100%
45
Non-water soluble liquids
* Gasoline
* Diesel fuel
* Pentane
46
Water-soluble liquids
* Alcohol
* Methanol
* Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
47
Six sides of incident
* Alpha
* Bravo
* Charlie
* Delta
* Top
* Bottom
48
Potassium chlorate
* White crystal or powder form explosive
* 83% of the power of TNT
* Common ingredient in fireworks
49
Urea nitrate
* Fertilizer based explosive
* Nitric acid and urea
* Prill used for de-icing sidewalks is urea
* Often sulfuric acid is added
* Similiar to ammonium nitrate
50
Peroxide based explosives
* Acetone peroxide
* Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine
* Mix hydrogen peroxide, acetone, and hydrochloric or sulfuric acid
* TATP is white crystalline powder; acrid smell
* TATP is yellowish to white
51
Vehicle bombs
* Most devestating of IED's
* Easy to conceal
* Located in trunk
52
Pipe bombs
* 4-14 inches
* Steel or plyvinyl chloride pipe sections filled with explosive and capped on ends
* Filled w/ black powder or match heads
* Filled with nails to throw shrapnel 300 ft
* May be detonated with homemade fuse
* Explosive filler can get into the threads of pipe and make sensitive to shock or friction
53
Backpack bombs
* Electronic timers or radio controoled triggers so no external wires
* Even as small as cigarette pack
54
Blister agents
* Burn and blister skin or any party of body they contact
* Act on eyes, mucous membranes, lungs, skin and blood-forming organs
* Damage resp. tract when inhaled
* Vomiting and diarrhea when ingested
* Usually persistant
* May be employed as a colorless gas and liquid
* Oily liquids range from colorless to pale yellow to dark brown
* Several days or weeks to evaporate
55
Nerve agents
* Affect trasmission of impulses
* Most toxic of chemical warfare agents
* Stable, easily dispersed, highly toxic, and rapid effects when absorbed thru skin or respiratory system
* **Tabun**: low volatile; skin or inhaled
* **Sarin**: volatile; inhaled
* **Soman**: moderate; skin or inhaled
* **Cyclohexyl sarin**: low volatile; skin and inhaled
* **V-Agent**: low volatile; remains for long periods; skin and inhaled
56
Blood agents
* Chemical asphyxiant
* Interferes w/ body's ability to use oxygen by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen or inhibiting cells to use oxygen for producing energy required for metabolism
* Arsine
* Hydrogen cyanide
* Cyanogen chloride
57
Choking agents
* Chlorine -
* Used during WWI
* Turns into gas heavier than air
* Not flammable, but can react explosively or form explosive compounds w/ other chemicals
* Odor like bleach
* Phosgene -
* colorless, nonflammable
* odor like freshly cut hay
* accounted for majority of chemical fatalities in WWI
* Gas at room temp
* boiling point is 47oF
58
Supplied-Air Respirators (SAR)
* Airline respirator
* Atmosphere suppying
* User does not carry air source
* Facepiece, belt or facefiece mounted regulator, voice comm, 300 ft of hose, emerg. escape pack
* Attached to air cylinders on cart or portable breathing-air compressor
* 5, 10, or 15 min worth of air to escape
* Type C respirator
* Adv: remove weight of SCBA
* Dis: Supply line damage; no more than 300 ft; hose entanglement
59
Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)
* 3 types
* Particulate removing APRs
* Vapor and gas removing APRs
* Combo
* Powered or nonpowered
* No oxygen supply
* Protect only against specific contaminants at or below certain concentrations
* Do not protect against all chemical hazards
* Do not protect agains oxygen enriched or deficient atmospheres
* Disadv:
* Limited life of filters and canisters
* Need for constant monitoring of contaminated atmosphere
* Need for normal oxgen content of atmosphere
60
Particulate-Removing Filters
* 3 levels of filtration - 95, 99, 99.97%
* Filter degradation:
* N - Not resistant to oil
* R - Resistant to oil
* P - used when oil or nonoil lubricants are present
* Toxic dusts, mists, metal fumes, asbestos, some biological hazards
* HEPA filters for medicasl must be 99.97% efficient
* Particle masks (dust masks) protect from large size particles
* Very limited protection
* Not to be used chemical hazards or small particles such as asbestos
61
Vapor and Gas Removing Filters
* Use sorbent material to remove targeted vapor from air
* Color-coded
62
NFPA 704
* Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response
63
64
Safety Data Sheets
1. ID
2. Hazard(s) id
3. Composition/info on ingredients
4. First aid measures
5. Firefighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure controls/ personal protectoin
9. Physical and chemical properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxilogical info
12. Ecological info
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport info
15. Regulatory info
16. Other info
65
Vapor pressure
* Pressure exerted by a saturated vapor above its own liquid in a closed container
* High temp = high vapor pressure
* Vapor pressures reported on MSDS's are low
* Lower boiling point = Higher pressure
66
3 incident-based elements that affect selection of strategic mode
* Value
* Time
* Size
67
Simple asphyxiant vs Chemical asphyxiant
* Simple - Gases that displace oxygen necessary for breathing
* Chemical - Substances that prohibit the body from using oxygen. Even though oxygen is available, these substances starve the cells of the body for oxygen
68
Routes of entry
* Inhalation
* Ingestion
* Absorption
* Injection
69
Types of radiation
* Alpha - Not harmful outside the body. Very harmful if ingested or inhaled. Can be stopped by skin or sheet of paper
* Beta - More hazardous when inhaled or ingested. Travel up to 20 ft. Stopped by clothing or by less than .08 aluminum
* Gamma - X rays. Can pass thru body or be absorbed by tissue. 2 ft of concrete, several ft of earth or 2 inches of lead to stop
* Neutron - Highly penetrating. Soil moisture density gauges are source. Can cause secondary release of radiation when they interact with human body
70
Fire point
* Temp at which a liquid fuel produces sufficient vapors to support continuous burning. A few degrees above flash point.
71
Consist
* Rail shipping paper that contains a list of cars in the train by order
* Indicates cars that contain hazardous material
* Some include info on emerg ops
72
Polar solvent
* Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water
* When combined with water, the 2 liquids mix easily
* Alcohol, Methanol, MEK
73
SLUDGEM
Chemical warfare symptoms
* **S**alivation
* **L**achrimation (tearing)
* **U**rination
* **D**efecation
* **G**astrointestinal upset (cramping)
* **E**mesis (vomiting)
* **M**iosis (pinpointed pupils or Muscular twitching
74
Hydrocarbon
* Non-water soluble liquid
* Gasoline, diesel fuel, pentane
75
Alpha
* Rapidly lose energy when passing thru matter
* Emitted int the decay of the heaviest radioactive elements
* Uranium
* Radium
* Blocked by skin
* Very harmful if ingested or inhaled
* Stopped by sheet of paper
76
Beta
* Fast moving
* Positively or negatively charged **electrons**
* Tritium, carbon-14, strontium-90
* More penetrating than alpha but less damaging over equal distances
* Capable of penetrating skin
* Travel 20 ft in air
* Stopped by layer of clothing or aluminum
77
Gamma
* High energy photons
* Often accompany alpha or beta particles from nucleus
* No charge, no mass
* Very penetrating
* Potassium-40, cobalt-60, iridium-192, cesium-137
* Easily passes thru body
* 2 ft of concrete, several feet of earth, 2" of lead
78
Neutron
* Ultrahigh energy particles
* Have a mass but no electrical charge
* Highly penetrating
* Soil moisture density gauges; research labs; operating nuclear power plants
* Release secondary radiation when they interact with human body
