what are the two primary ways models of personality are developed
they are developed through language and biology
what is the whorfian hypothesis in the context of personality
it suggests that influences thought and behaviour; therefore, behaviour patterns are defined in natural language
how does the big five approach differ from the five factor model in terms of its empirical basis
the big five is based on the lexical approach using natural language to identify traits, while the FFM is based on personality theory and questionnaires designed to tap into behaviours and biological substrates
what are the five domains shared by both the big five and ffm
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
list the 6 facets of extraversion in the FFM
warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking, and positive emotions
list the 6 facets of neuroticism in the FFM
anxiety, anger, depression, self-consciousness, impulsivity and vulnerability
list the 6 facets of openness in the FFM
fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas and values
list the 6 facets of agreeableness in the FFM
trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, and tender-mindedness
list the 6 facets of conscientiousness in the FFM
competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving, self-discipline and deliberation
how do the structures of the FFM and big five differ
The FFM has a trait hierarchy whereas the big five typically does not have a formal hierarchy
compare the causality claims of the FFM and the big five
in the FFM, traits are seen as causing behaviour, in the big five, there is no formal causal statement - traits simply represent natural language
what did costa and mccrae suggest about eysenck’s PEN model
they suggested that eysenck’s psychoticism is a conflation of low conscientiousness and low agreeableness
what do twin studies tell us about the genetic influence of the big five
approximately 50% of the variance in these traits due to genetics, with the remaining variance mostly due to non shared environment, the shared environment has little to no effect
which brain region is associated with extraversion and sensitivity to rewards
the orbito-frontal cortex and amygdala
which brain region is associated with neuroticism and sensitivity to punishment
the amygdala, mPFC and mid-cingulate
what is the difference between mean level stability and rank order stability
mean level refers to whether the average score changes over time, rank order refers to whether individuals maintain their relative position within a group over time
what is the WEIRD problem in FFM research
most research is conducted on western, educated, industrialised, rich, and democratic samples, which may not be representative as a whole
what did Gurven et al find when studying the Tsimane tribe
they found no evidence for the FFM, reliabilities were low and there was no stable five factor structure in this non-weird population
what was block’s critique of factor analysis in personality
he argued ‘you get what you put in’ - if you only select items to reflect five factors, that is all you will find
what did Deary discover when re-analysing data from 1915
he found that the big five factors were observable even in data collected before the model was officially created, supporting its temporal stability
what is a major critique of current neuroimaging studies of personality
they are often descriptive rather than mechanistic, exploratory without hypotheses, and lack behavioural manipulations
