introduction

Question 1

what are the different levels of analysis to study parenthood

Answer 1

• human nature
• individual or group differences
• individual uniqueness

Question 2

what is personality traits

Answer 2

the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organised, relatively enduring and influence their interactions with, and adaptions to, the intrapsychic, physical and social environment

Question 3

what are the key properties of a personality trait

Answer 3

• temporal stability
• cross-situational consistency
• internal basis attributed within the person
• predictive validity - traits should influence behaviour
• minimal overlap of characteristics within traits
• inter-individual differences

Question 4

what are five ways to evaluate biological underpinning of traits

Answer 4

• physiological substrate
• hereditary or genetic contribution
• similar traits in non humans
• cross cultural evidence
• temporal stability

Question 5

what are the five core traits of the human personality

Answer 5

• openness to experience
• conscientiousness
• extraversion
• agreeableness
• neuroticism

Question 6

what are the 3 methods of questionnaire development

Answer 6

• lexical
• statistical
• theoretical

Question 7

what is the lexical approach

Answer 7

traits expressed in natural language

Question 8

what is statistical approach

Answer 8

factor analysis to identify clusters

Question 9

what is the theoretical approach

Answer 9

a priori theory on most important traits

Question 10

what are issues with self report

Answer 10

• carelessness when answering questions
• faking or concerns social desirability
• barnum statements - apply to everyone

Question 11

what are personality types

Answer 11

• categorised into distinct types of people with shared patterns of behaviour
• type is determined by meeting a threshold score

Question 12

what are personality traits

Answer 12

• people possess all the traits
• the strength of expression of traits vary along continuum

Question 13

what characteristics are not directly measured by the FFM personality trait modle

Answer 13

• honesty
• patience
• resilience

Question 14

what does mcadams argue

Answer 14

traits are only one level of personality

Question 15

what is the psychodynamic domain

Answer 15

a focus on fundamental internal human instincts or needs that shape individual’s thoughts, emotions and behaviours, sometimes outside of conscious awareness

Question 16

who are the leading psychodynamic theorists

Answer 16

• freud
• jung
• rank
• murray

Question 17

who was the father of the psychoanalytic approach

Answer 17

freud

Question 18

what does the psychoanalytic approach suggest

Answer 18

• human behaviour motivated by innate instincts - drive for life and drive for destruction
• instincts lead to drive/urges that would be unacceptable in society
• development of personality is based on how a person resolves the conflicts between these instincts and living in a regulated civilised society

Question 19

what is the structure of the human mind - psychodynamic

Answer 19

• id - pleasure
• ego - reality
• superego - morality

Question 20

what does freud argue about personality development

Answer 20

• personality development was linked to set stages of development
• personality formed from childhood experiences of conflict resolution of the stages of development
• stages and conflicts as universal, but outcomes from resolving conflicts shaped personality

Question 21

what are the similarities of the psychodynamic domain and the trait approach

Answer 21

• personality as enduring behavioural patterns with internal basis
• personality can be organised into different components

Question 22

how is the trait approach different to psychodynamic domain

Answer 22

the internal basis of personality is not attributed to unconscious conflicts between sexual drives

Question 23

humanistic domain - who came up with hierarchy of needs

Answer 23

maslow

Question 24

what did maslow say humans are motivated by

Answer 24

a propensity for self actualisation

Question 25

what is the hierarchy of needs

Answer 25

- physiological - safety - love and belonginess - esteem - self actualisation

Question 26

what does deprivation of needs do according to maslow

Answer 26

shapes individual differences in human behaviour

Question 27

what does a deprivation in safety needs do

Answer 27

- can result in anxiety and fearful behaviours

Question 28

what does deprivation of love and belonginess do

Answer 28

result in defensiveness, social aggression, or social timidness

Question 29

what happens when self actualisation is met

Answer 29

all humans will express the same characteristics

Question 30

similarities of humanistic domain to the trait approach

Answer 30

- conceptual influence in broadening scope of traits to capture adaptive human functioning - the development focus shifted trait approaches from seeing behaviour as stable to relative stability across the lifespan

Question 31

how is the humanistic approach different to the trait approach

Answer 31

- humanistic theories take a universal approach to human behaviour, whereas trait theories focus on individual differences

Question 32

biological domain - who developed the PEN model

Answer 32

eysenck

Question 33

why is the PEN model biological

Answer 33

three traits extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism defined personality - traits had biological basis with individual differences due to cortical arousal or hormones

Question 34

what did Buss say about personality

Answer 34

an adaptive mechanism to promote survival and reproduction - personality is a set of behavioural dispositions that have adaptive significance for survival and reproduction

Question 35

how is the biological domain similar to the trait approach

Answer 35

- a small core set of personality traits that are tied to biological systems - there is a degree of heritability in traits

Question 36

how is the trait approach different from the biological domain

Answer 36

- traits are not fixed biological realities - the expression of traits can be shaped by the environment

Question 37

what is the social cognitive domain

Answer 37

a focus on the cognitive and social processes that shape how individuals respond to their environments

Question 38

what is personality due to according to the cognitive learning domain

Answer 38

- learning the association between behaviour and outcome - behaviours will be repeated and maintained if reinforced with desirable outcomes - personality is due to differences between personal histories of reinforcement

Question 39

what is the social-cognitive learning domain

Answer 39

learning through watching others succeed or fail at tasks, and in reflecting on consequences of possible actions - humans are reflective learners that exercise control over desired outcomes in their lives

Question 40

how did bandura say individuals behaviour is determined

Answer 40

by self-efficacy and the responsiveness of the environment to their expectations

Question 41

how is the social cognitive domain similar to the trait approach

Answer 41

- behaviour is shaped by the environment, not just internal biological traits - trait definition includes social cognitive mechanisms that influence interactions with adaptations to the environment

Question 42

how is the social cognitive domain different to the trait approach

Answer 42

- behaviour is not purely context dependent - traits can also shape the selection of environments

Question 43

what is a key assumption in the trait approach

Answer 43

cross situational consistency of behaviour

Question 44

what did mischel find about the trait approach

Answer 44

- reviewed evidence and concluded that behavioural consistencies were not robustly observed

Question 45

what did mischel say personality psychologists should focus on

Answer 45

situationism

Question 46

what is situationism

Answer 46

explaining behaviour in terms of situational differences

Question 46

what is interactionism

Answer 46

- most psychologists now study behaviour as an interaction between personality traits and situations - personality traits are designed to predicted aggregated behaviours - interactionism can be expressed in terms of 'if, then' statements

Question 47

what is the interactionism equation

Answer 47

B=F(PxS) B= behaviour F= function P= personality S= situation