Pharmacology > FLUID/ELECTROLYTES > Flashcards

FLUID/ELECTROLYTES Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What are the prototype drugs mentioned for fluid volume and electrolytes?

A

Potassium, Calcium, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Iron

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2
Q

What are the key assessments for fluid balance?

A

Daily weight, lung assessment, skin turgor, telemetry, JVD/flat veins, capillary refill, I&O, vital signs

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3
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of fluid volume deficit (FVD)?

A

Dehydration or shock, concentrated urine, dry/brittle skin, changes in vital signs, LOC

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4
Q

What causes fluid volume deficit (FVD)?

A

GI fluid loss, vomiting, diarrhea, laxatives, suctioning, perspiration, burns, hemorrhage, excessive diuresis, ketoacidosis

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess (FVE)?

A

JVD, edema (generalized and pulmonary), low osmolality urine, changes in vital signs

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6
Q

How can fluid volume excess (FVE) be treated?

A

Diuretics, sodium restriction

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7
Q

What is the significance of a weight gain of 1 kg (2.2 lbs)?

A

It is equivalent to 1 liter of fluid

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8
Q

What are the four types of IV solutions?

A
  • Crystalloids (replacement & maintenance) * Colloids (volume expanders) * Blood and blood products * Lipid emulsion
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9
Q

What are isotonic IV solutions?

A
  • Normal Saline (NS) * Lactated Ringer’s (LR) * D5W
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10
Q

What is the function of hypertonic IV solutions?

A

Pulls water from ICF to ECF

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11
Q

What are the normal potassium levels?

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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12
Q

What interventions are recommended for hypokalemia?

A
  • Eat potassium-rich foods * Oral potassium supplements * IV potassium (diluted) * Monitor ECG
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13
Q

What is the management for mild hyperkalemia?

A

K restriction, increase elimination of K

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14
Q

What are signs of hyperkalemia?

A

Peaked T wave, flat P wave, wide QRS, prolonged PR interval

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15
Q

What are the normal sodium levels?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?

A
  • Thirst * Tachycardia * Hypotension * Lethargy * Confusion * Muscle weakness
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17
Q

What is the management for severe hyponatremia?

A

Hypertonic saline (3% or 5%)

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18
Q

What are the normal calcium levels?

A

8.6-10.2 mg/dL

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19
Q

What signs indicate hypocalcemia?

A
  • Trousseau’s sign * Chvostek’s sign
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20
Q

What are the causes of hypercalcemia?

A
  • Prolonged immobilization * Thiazide diuretics * Excess calcium intake * Vitamin D overdose * Hyperparathyroidism
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21
Q

What is the management for hypocalcemia?

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A
  • Oral calcium carbonate * IV calcium for symptomatic patients * Increase calcium and vitamin D intake
22
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

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A
  • Vitamins A
  • Vitamins D
  • Vitamins E
  • Vitamins K
23
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins?

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A
  • Vitamins B complex
  • Vitamin C
24
Q

What is the primary function of Vitamin A?

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A

Eyesight, skin, gums, teeth, hair glands

25
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A?
* Night blindness * Skin lesions / dry skin * Poor tooth development
26
What food sources are rich in Vitamin A?
* Milk * Butter * Eggs * Leafy green vegetables * Yellow vegetables
27
What is the primary function of Vitamin D?
Needed to absorb calcium for strong teeth and bones
28
What are the deficiency conditions associated with Vitamin D?
* Rickets in children * Osteomalacia in adults
29
What food sources are rich in Vitamin D?
* Vitamin D fortified milk * Cereal * Eggs * Fatty fish * Liver
30
What is the primary function of Vitamin E?
Promotes formation of RBC, muscles, and tissues; has anti-inflammatory properties
31
What are the food sources of Vitamin E?
* Whole-grain cereals * Wheat * Sunflower seeds * Milk * Eggs * Meat * Avocados * Asparagus * Broccoli * Spinach * Vegetable oils
32
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E?
* Neuropathies * Decreased immune system
33
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
Essential for blood clotting
34
Why are newborns considered Vitamin K deficient?
Newborns lack sufficient Vitamin K
35
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin K?
Spontaneous hemorrhage
36
What food sources are rich in Vitamin K?
* Leafy greens * Liver * Cheese * Egg yolk * Tomatoes
37
What is the primary function of Vitamin B-12?
Makes healthy RBC
38
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B-12?
* GI disorders * Poor growth * Anemia (Pernicious Anemia)
39
What are the food sources of Vitamin B-12?
* Liver * Kidney * Fish * Milk * Eggs * Turkey * Chicken
40
What is the primary function of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)?
Collagen formation and wound healing
41
What are the food sources of Vitamin C?
* Citrus fruits * Cantaloupe * Tomatoes * Leafy greens * Potatoes * Strawberries
42
What are the deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C?
* Poor wound healing * Bleeding gums * Scurvy * Faulty bone and tooth development
43
What are common side effects of excessive Vitamin C doses?
* Nausea/GI upset * Vomiting * Headache * Heartburn * Crystalluria if taken with aspirin or sulfonamides
44
What is the primary function of Iron?
Regeneration of hemoglobin
45
What are the food sources of Iron?
* Liver * Lean meats * Egg yolks * Dried beans * Green vegetables like spinach * Fruit
46
What are the side effects of Iron supplementation?
* Constipation * Nausea/vomiting * Diarrhea
47
What nursing interventions should be taken when administering Iron?
* Administer iron IM by the Z-track method * Advise to increase fluids, activity, and dietary bulk * Counsel to include iron-rich foods in the diet * Educate on taking between meals with at least 8 oz of juice/water * Educate on remaining upright for 30 min after taking
48
What can decrease Iron absorption?
* Foods * Antacids
49
What is Folic Acid essential for?
Body growth and cellular growth
50
What are the causes of Folic Acid deficiency?
* Chronic alcoholism * Poor nutritional intake * Malabsorption * Pregnancy
51
What are the manifestations of Folic Acid deficiency?
* Intestinal issues (anorexia, nausea, stomatitis, diarrhea) * Fatigue * Alopecia * Neural tube defects in the first trimester * Decreased WBC count * Decreased clotting factors * Increased risk of anemias * Depression
52
What foods are rich in Folic Acid?
* Green leafy vegetables * Yellow fruits/vegetables * Organ meats * Black-eyed peas
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