RESPIRATORY

Question 1

What are the main classes of medications for lower respiratory disorders?

Answer 1

Alpha/Beta2 Adrenergic Agonists, Anticholinergics, Methylxanthine derivatives, Leukotriene Receptor inhibitors, Glucocorticoids

Includes medications such as albuterol, tiotropium, aminophylline-theophylline, montelukast, etc.

Question 2

What are the major causes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Answer 2

• Chronic bronchitis
• Bronchiectasis
• Emphysema
• Asthma

Question 3

What are the pathophysiologic changes associated with Restrictive Lung Disease?

Answer 3

Decrease in total lung capacity due to fluid accumulation and loss of elasticity of lung tissues

Question 4

Name some triggers for Asthma.

Answer 4

• Stress
• Allergens
• Pollutants

Question 5

What are common signs and symptoms of Asthma?

Answer 5

• Bronchospasm
• Dyspnea
• Mucus secretions
• Wheezing
• Coughing
• Tightness in the chest

Question 6

What is the action of Epinephrine in treating bronchospasm?

Answer 6

Increases cAMP in lung tissue causing bronchodilation

Question 7

What are common side effects of Albuterol?

Answer 7

• Headache
• Rhinitis
• Excitability
• Tremors
• Bronchospasm
• Palpitations
• Tachycardia

Question 8

What is the use of Tiotropium?

Answer 8

Maintenance treatment of bronchospasms associated with COPD

Question 9

What is the therapeutic range for Methylxanthine derivatives?

Answer 9

5-15 mcg/mL, with toxicity greater than 20

Question 10

What action do Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists have?

Answer 10

Reduce inflammatory process and decrease bronchoconstriction

Question 11

What common side effects are associated with Glucocorticoids?

Answer 11

• Dry mouth
• Throat irritation
• Hoarseness
• Cough
• Headache
• Euphoria
• Confusion
• Depression

Question 12

What is the action of Cromolyn?

Answer 12

Inhibits histamine release preventing asthmatic attacks

Question 13

What is a common side effect of the medication Tiotropium?

Answer 13

Dry mouth

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The pathophysiologic changes in Chronic Bronchitis include ________ and excessive mucus secretions.

Answer 14

Bronchial inflammation

Question 15

True or False: Albuterol is used for both acute and long-term management of asthma.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Which medication is commonly used for acute bronchospasm?

Answer 16

Metaproterenol

Question 17

What should patients using a glucocorticoid inhaler do after use?

Answer 17

Rinse their mouth out

Question 18

What is the role of Antimicrobials like Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole?

Answer 18

Used for mild to moderate acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis from infectious causes

Question 19

What are the adverse effects of Methylxanthines?

Answer 19

• Dizziness
• Headache
• Irritability
• Restlessness
• Hypokalemia
• GI distress
• Seizure
• Insomnia

Question 20

What are the main types of medications used for Upper Respiratory Disorders?

Answer 20

Antihistamines, Decongestants, Internasal Glucocorticoids, Antitussives, Expectorants

Question 21

What is the etiology of the common cold?

Answer 21

Rhinovirus

Question 22

What are the common symptoms of the common cold?

Answer 22

• Nasal congestion
• Rhinorrhea
• Cough
• Increased mucosal secretions

Question 23

What is the action of antihistamines?

Answer 23

Competes with histamine for receptor sites and prevents a histamine response

Question 24

Name a first-generation antihistamine.

Answer 24

Diphenhydramine

Question 25

What are the common side effects of first-generation antihistamines?

Answer 25

* Drowsiness * Dry mouth * Dizziness * Fatigue * Blurred vision * Disturbed coordination * Urine retention

Question 26

What is the primary use of diphenhydramine?

Answer 26

* Allergic rhinitis * Pruritus * Urticaria * Common cold * Sneezing * Cough * Prevent motion sickness

Question 27

What are contraindications for diphenhydramine?

Answer 27

* Closed-angle glaucoma * Urinary retention * Severe liver disease

Question 28

What should patients avoid while taking diphenhydramine?

Answer 28

Alcohol and other CNS depressants

Question 29

What should be monitored when using nasal decongestants?

Answer 29

Color of bronchial secretions

Question 30

What is the action of nasal decongestants?

Answer 30

Stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors to produce nasal vascular constriction

Question 31

What can prolonged use of nasal decongestants lead to?

Answer 31

Rebound nasal congestion

Question 32

What is the action of intranasal glucocorticoids?

Answer 32

Anti-inflammatory; decrease rhinorrhea, sneezing, and congestion

Question 33

What are common side effects of intranasal glucocorticoids?

Answer 33

* Headache * Blurred vision * Irritated/dry nasal mucosa * Pharyngitis * Hoarseness * Nausea * Vomiting * Candidiasis * Insomnia

Question 34

What is the action of antitussives?

Answer 34

Act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex

Question 35

What is the primary use of expectorants?

Answer 35

Loosens bronchial secretions to allow elimination by coughing

Question 36

What are the side effects of expectorants?

Answer 36

* Drowsiness * Dizziness * Headache * Nausea * Vomiting * Diarrhea

Question 37

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

Answer 37

* Decongestant * Acetaminophen * Fluids * Rest * Antibiotics

Question 38

What is the treatment for acute pharyngitis?

Answer 38

* Saline gargles * Lozenges * Increased fluid intake * Acetaminophen

Question 39

True or False: Antibiotics are effective against the common cold.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Which medication is a second-generation antihistamine?

Answer 40

Levocetirizine

Question 41

Fill in the blank: Nasal decongestant sprays are most effective when administered for _______ days.

Answer 41

3 days

Question 42

What history is most important to assess before administering diphenhydramine?

Answer 42

Closed-angle glaucoma

Question 43

What is true about benzonatate?

Answer 43

It suppresses the cough center of the medulla