Foliar

Question 1

What can cause foliar diseases?

Answer 1

stress can increase chances

Question 2

Whey do foliar fungi release spores in spring?

Answer 2

because thats when leaves are most delicate and susceptible.

Question 3

What is the simplified foliar fungus lifecycle?

Answer 3

Spores released in spring (from last years leaves)
May also have spore build up in spring/summer
conifer foliar often asymptomatic in year of infection

Question 4

what conditions can generate a wave year?

Answer 4

heavy spore production
cool and moist
susceptible tissue (current flushing foliage) and phytoplane surface is sterile at bud flush.(antagonism)
infects through epidermis in young foliage or stomata in old

Question 5

What helps us manage for foliar?

Answer 5

• only infects current flushing foliage

- Antagonism of phytoplane community deters some fungi

Question 6

Differentiate cast vs blight vs rust

Answer 6

Cast: new tissue, premature needle drop (cast), few spore bursts in early spring. Can be an issue if timed right.
Blight: all ages of needle infected (through stomata), needles often held for a year and infection through growing season.
Rusts: alternate hosts, infection close to ground in general.

Question 7

What are the damage characteristics of foliar disease

Answer 7

seedlings: mortality/stress/growth loss

mature tree: growth loss

Question 8

Why do conifers have a greater growth loss

Answer 8

life of foliage - 1 yr vs 5

deciduous can put out new leaves part way through growing season.

Question 9

Where would management for foliar be done? what would the management be?

Answer 9

Christmas tree plantation, nursery, seed orchard (sanitation and fungicides)

Question 10

Which foliar is managed for in forestry?

Answer 10

D. septosporum (DFS) Red band

Question 11

What are some characteristics of red band?

Answer 11

• most destructive needle disease of pines worldwide
• effects more than 60 spp
• big problem in NZ and chile. For BC mostly northern BC in wetter zones

Question 12

How is climate change making red band worse in BC?

Answer 12

• becoming an issue in pine plantations. most under 30 years but some mortality in mature
• cold air ponding stress (depressions at the bottom of mts)
• all age needles susceptible

Question 13

What are the infection chars of red band?

Answer 13

infection throughout growing season
spores 1-2 years after initial infection
reduced growth, stress, mortality