Formative Questions

Question 1

What type of lipoproteins aid the absorption of fat-soluble micronutrients such as Vitamin A into the lacteals of villi and hence into the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Chylomicrons

Question 2

Role of ADH in the homeostatic regulation of water

Answer 2

ADH binds to vasopressin (V2) receptors to increase the transcription and insertion of aquaporin-2 channels (AQP-2) into the epithelial cells of the renal collecting duct

Question 3

The secretion of ADH is stimulated by an increase in …

Answer 3

Osmolarity of the extracellular fluid

Question 4

In fatty acid metabolism which enzyme is responsible for lengthening the hydrocarbon chain by adding two carbon atoms to the carboxyl end of the fatty acid chain?

Answer 4

Elongase

Question 5

What percentage of blood magnesium is bound to albumin?

Answer 5

35%

Question 6

True or false: the enzyme copper/zinc superoxide dismutase catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What percentage of body phosphorus exists in other tissues as organic phosphates?

Answer 7

15%

Question 8

What hormone decreases absorption of phosphorus via the NPT2 co-transporter?

Answer 8

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 9

What is the RAE for supplemental B-carotene in oil?

Answer 9

2 mg

Question 10

True or false: serum total magnesium is a sensitive indicator for the assessment of magnesium status

Answer 10

False

Question 11

What is used to determine the dietary intake of trace minerals such as chromium and manganese?

Answer 11

Adequate intake (AI)

Question 12

Deficiency during pregnancy leads to infants or children getting rickets due to …

Answer 12

Deficiency in the mother leading to deficiency in the child

Question 13

Deficiency during lactation leads to infants or children getting rickets due to …

Answer 13

Deficiency in mother reducing vitamin D in breast milk

Question 14

Sun cream leads to infants or children getting rickets due to …

Answer 14

Application blocking skin synthesis

Question 15

Clothing leads to infants or children getting rickets due to …

Answer 15

Reduction of UV radiation reaching skin

Question 16

How many essential amino acids are there?

Answer 16

9

Question 17

How many non-essential amino acids are there?

Answer 17

5

Question 18

How many conditionally essential amino acids are there?

Answer 18

6

Question 19

True or false: SGLUT1 present on the apical membrane of enterocytes in the small intestine can transport sodium, glucose and fructose into the enterocyte

Answer 19

False

Question 20

True or false: A nutrient is considered essential if withdrawing it from the diet induces reproducibly the same physiological and structural abnormalities, regardless of the species

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What percentage of calcium is found as hydroxyapatite, Ca(PO4)2

Answer 21

69%

Question 22

In what region of the gastrointestinal tract does 90% of the absorption of fluoride take place?

Answer 22

Stomach

Question 23

True or false: the enzyme a-amylase requires the presence of calcium ions (Ca2+) and chloride ions (Cl-) for maximum activity

Answer 23

True

Question 24

The sensing of potassium intake in the gut increases the uptake of potassium by …

Answer 24

Muscle

Question 25

Insulin increases Na/K-ATPase activity to increase the uptake of what by cells?

Answer 25

Potassium

Question 26

Which B vitamin requires the secretion of intrinsic factor (IF) from the parietal cells or the stomach for its absorption into the ileum?

Answer 26

Cobalamin (B12)

Question 27

What is menaquinone produced by?

Answer 27

Gut microflora

Question 28

PIVKAs are proteins that lack carboxylated … residues

Answer 28

Glutamic acid (Glu)

Question 29

The preparation of food using stainless steel equipment may lead to a deficiency of …

Answer 29

Chromium

Question 30

What vitamin deficiency can lead to xeropthalamia caused by keratinisation of epithelial cells?

Answer 30

Vitamin A

Question 31

What is the light sensitive pigment in the rod cells of the retina which contain retinal called?

Answer 31

Rhodopsin

Question 32

Maltose is a … sugar

Answer 32

Reducing

Question 33

Fructose is a … sugar

Answer 33

Ketose

Question 34

True or false: one method is sufficient to accurately assess iron status

Answer 34

False

Question 35

True or false: an adequate status of iron is indicated if erythrocyte protoporphyrin is >100ug/100ml RBC

Answer 35

False

Question 36

Methods used to assess protein quality

Answer 36

Biological score Chemical score Net protein utilisation

Question 37

Calcium is absorbed in the duodenum and jejunum via what transport protein?

Answer 37

TRPV6

Question 38

What protein facilitates the transport of iron, manganese and chromium ions in the plasma?

Answer 38

Transferrin

Question 39

Kashin-Beck disease is caused by a deficiency in …

Answer 39

Selenium

Question 40

Wilson’s disease is caused by a deficiency in …

Answer 40

Copper

Question 41

Essential fatty acid with the nomenclature C18:3 9,12,15 n-3

Answer 41

Alpha-linolenic acid

Question 42

How many carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain of C18:3 9,12,15 n-3

Answer 42

18

Question 43

How many C-C double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain of C18:3 9,12,15 n-3

Answer 43

3

Question 44

In the molecules C18:3 9,12,15 n-3 the first C-C double bond occurs on the … carbon from the methyl end of the hydrocarbon chain

Answer 44

3rd

Question 45

In the molecules C18:3 9,12,15 n-3 the first C-C double bond occurs on the … carbon from the carboxyl end of the hydrocarbon chain

Answer 45

9th

Question 46

What are found in the central core of lipoproteins?

Answer 46

Triacylglycerols (TAGs)

Question 47

What is found on the surface of lipoproteins?

Answer 47

Free cholesterol

Question 48

Plant oils contain more … than animal fats

Answer 48

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 49

What configuration of the double bond puts a kink into the molecule?

Answer 49

Cis

Question 50

The genomic actions of vitamin D require 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D to bind to … which then forms a heterodimer with …

Answer 50

Vitamin D receptor and Retinoid X receptor

Question 51

What heterodimer binds to DNA to regulate gene transcription

Answer 51

VDR-RXR

Question 52

What factors can lead to the appearance of deficiency symptoms where intake does not meet an individuals requirement

Answer 52

Crop failure Poverty Ignorance of balanced diet Anorexia Dental problems Illness

Question 53

What three factors affect protein quality?

Answer 53

Digestibility Amino acid composition Storage

Question 54

True or false: in the blood clotting cascade prothrombin (factor II) requires vitamin K to form thrombin

Answer 54

True

Question 55

True or false: plasma total phosphate is a sensitive indicator for the assessment of phosphorous status

Answer 55

False

Question 56

In bone metabolism, the protein osteocalcin requires …

Answer 56

Vitamin K

Question 57

True or false: catalase in an enzyme with four subunits, with each subunit having an iron-containing heme group - this enzyme catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

Answer 57

True

Question 58

True or false: the processing of acidic foods using stainless steel equipment may lead to chromium leaching into the food

Answer 58

True

Question 59

True or false: the copper-dependent protein ceruloplasmin can facilitate the transport of iron, manganese and chromium ions in the plasma

Answer 59

False

Question 60

What percentage of phosphorus is found as hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)2(OH)2

Answer 60

85%

Question 61

Phosphorus is absorbed into the small intestine via which transport protein

Answer 61

NPT2

Question 62

What proportion of magnesium in bone is surface-bound and exchangeable, i.e. available to regulate plasma magnesium concentration?

Answer 62

1/3 (one third)

Question 63

What is used to determine the dietary intake of the trace nutrient molybdenum (Mo)?

Answer 63

Adequate intake (AI)

Question 64

The majority of phosphorus is absorbed via the … route

Answer 64

Passive paracellular

Question 65

What percentage of body phosphorus exists in other tissues as organic phosphates?

Answer 65

15%

Question 66

Which micronutrient quenches the reaction of LOO -> LOOH

Answer 66

Vitamin E

Question 67

Which micronutrient quenches the reaction of LOOH -> LOH

Answer 67

Selenium

Question 68

Which micronutrient quenches the reaction of DHA -> Ascorbic acid

Answer 68

Niacin

Question 69

Which micronutrient quenches the reaction of E -> EH

Answer 69

Vitamin C

Question 70

Keshan disease is caused by a deficiency in …

Answer 70

Selenium

Question 71

Crazy chick disease is caused by a deficiency in …

Answer 71

Vitamin E