1
Q
What is the formula for average speed?
A
V = d/t
Where d = distance and t = time.
2
Q
What is the formula for average velocity?
A
Ax = V/At
Where Ax = average velocity, V = change in position, and At = elapsed time.
3
Q
What is the formula for average acceleration?
A
Av = v/At
Where Av = average acceleration, v = change in velocity, and At = elapsed time.
4
Q
What is the equation for linear motion kinematics with constant acceleration?
A
v = Vo + at
Where v = final velocity, Vo = initial velocity, a = acceleration, and t = time.
5
Q
What is the equation for displacement in linear motion?
A
x = xo + vot + (1/2)at^2
Where x = final position, xo = initial position, vo = initial velocity, a = acceleration, and t = time.
6
Q
What is the formula for free fall from rest?
A
v = √(2gh)
Where v = final velocity, g = acceleration due to gravity, and h = height.
7
Q
In vector components, what is the formula for horizontal component?
A
Vx = V * cos(θ)
Where V = magnitude of the vector and θ = angle with the x-axis.
8
Q
In vector components, what is the formula for vertical component?
A
Vy = V * sin(θ)
Where V = magnitude of the vector and θ = angle with the x-axis.
9
Q
In vector components, what is the formula for tangent?
A
tan(θ) = Vy/Vx
This relates the vertical and horizontal components of a vector.
10
Q
What is Newton’s first law of motion?
A
At equilibrium, every body continues in its state of rest or uniform speed as long as no net force and no net torque act on it
EF = 0; Tclockwise = counterclockwise.
11
Q
What does Newton’s second law of motion state?
A
F = ma
The acceleration a of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
12
Q
What is the relationship between force and acceleration according to Newton’s second law?
A
The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object
F = ma.
13
Q
What does Newton’s third law of motion state?
A
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the first
This is often summarized as ‘for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.’
14
Q
What is the formula for the force of static friction?
A
Fir ≤ HSFN
Where us is the coefficient of static friction and Fn is the magnitude of the normal force.
15
Q
What is the force of kinetic friction?
A
The force between two surfaces sliding against one another that opposes the relative motion of the two surfaces
Where uk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
16
Q
What is the formula for the force of gravity between two objects?
A
FG = G(m1m2/r²)
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N-m²/kg² is the universal gravitation constant.
17
Q
What is the formula for the force on an inclined plane?
A
Fincline = mg sin(θ)
Formal = mg cos(θ).
18
Q
What is Hooke’s Law?
A
F = -kAx
The further a spring is stretched, the more force it pulls back with.
19
Q
What is the formula for torque?
A
T = FL = Fr sin(θ)
Torque is proportional to the force applied and the lever arm length.
20
Q
What is the definition of centre of mass (CM)?
A
Xcm = (m1x1 + m2x2 + …)/(m1 + m2 + …)
The centre of mass represents the average location for the total mass of the system.
21
Q
What is Newton’s first law of motion?
A
At equilibrium, every body continues in its state of rest or uniform speed as long as no net force and no net torque act on it
EF = 0; Tclockwise = counterclockwise.
22
Q
What does Newton’s second law of motion state?
A
F = ma
The acceleration a of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
23
Q
What is the relationship between force and acceleration according to Newton’s second law?
A
The direction of the acceleration is in the direction of the net force acting on the object
F = ma.
24
Q
What does Newton’s third law of motion state?
A
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second exerts an equal and opposite force on the first
This is often summarized as ‘for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.’
25
What is the formula for the **force of static friction**?
Fir ≤ HSFN
## Footnote
Where us is the coefficient of static friction and Fn is the magnitude of the normal force.
26
What is the **force of kinetic friction**?
The force between two surfaces sliding against one another that opposes the relative motion of the two surfaces
## Footnote
Where uk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.
27
What is the formula for the **force of gravity** between two objects?
FG = G(m1m2/r²)
## Footnote
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N-m²/kg² is the universal gravitation constant.
28
What is the formula for the **force on an inclined plane**?
Fincline = mg sin(θ)
## Footnote
Formal = mg cos(θ).
29
What is **Hooke's Law**?
F = -kAx
## Footnote
The further a spring is stretched, the more force it pulls back with.
30
What is the formula for **torque**?
T = FL = Fr sin(θ)
## Footnote
Torque is proportional to the force applied and the lever arm length.
31
What is the definition of **centre of mass (CM)**?
Xcm = (m1x1 + m2x2 + ...)/(m1 + m2 + ...)
## Footnote
The centre of mass represents the average location for the total mass of the system.
32
What is the formula for **work done** by a constant force?
W = Fdcos(θ)
## Footnote
Work is positive if the object is displaced in the direction of the force and negative if against it.
33
When is the work done **zero**?
When the displacement is perpendicular to the direction of the force
## Footnote
This means that there is no component of the force acting in the direction of the displacement.
34
What is the formula for **kinetic energy** (K) of a mass (m) traveling at speed (v)?
K = 1/2 mv²
## Footnote
Kinetic energy is the energy of an object due to its motion.
35
What is the formula for **gravitational potential energy** (U) in a local context?
U = mgh
## Footnote
Gravitational potential energy depends on the height (h) of the object relative to a zero level.
36
What is the formula for **gravitational potential energy** (U) in a general context?
U = -GMm/r
## Footnote
This formula accounts for the gravitational potential energy between two masses (M and m) at a distance (r).
37
What are examples of **conservative forces**?
* Gravitational force
* Elastic spring force
* Electric force
## Footnote
Conservative forces have specific properties regarding work done and path independence.
38
What defines a **conservative force**?
1. Work done depends only on initial and final positions
2. Net work done around any closed path is zero
## Footnote
These properties ensure that energy is conserved in systems involving conservative forces.
39
What are examples of **non-conservative forces**?
* Frictional forces
* Air resistance
* Tension
* Normal force
* Propulsion of a motor
## Footnote
Non-conservative forces do not conserve mechanical energy.
40
What is the **Conservation of Mechanical Energy** principle?
The total mechanical energy remains constant if the net work done by external non-conservative forces is zero
## Footnote
This principle is expressed as E2 = E1, where E is the total mechanical energy.
41
What does the **Work-Energy Theorem** state?
W_nc = ΔK + ΔU + ΔE_internal
## Footnote
The work done by non-conservative forces equals the change in kinetic energy plus the change in gravitational potential energy plus any changes in internal energy.
42
What is the **equation for Rest Mass Energy**?
E = mc²
## Footnote
This equation expresses the relationship between mass (m) and energy (E), where c is the speed of light.
43
Power (P) is defined as the rate at which _______ is done.
work
## Footnote
Power can also be expressed in terms of force (F) and velocity (v) as P = Fv.
44
What is the formula for **Density (D)**?
D = m/V
## Footnote
Density can also be measured relative to water, termed specific gravity.
45
The **hydrostatic pressure** at a fixed depth is given by which formula?
P = pgy
## Footnote
This formula indicates that pressure depends on depth (y), fluid density (p), and gravitational acceleration (g).
46
The **buoyant force** (F_buoyant) on an object in fluid is equal to what?
F_buoyant = pVg
## Footnote
The buoyant force is upward and equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
47
What does the **Continuity Equation** state?
Q_in = Q_out
## Footnote
The volume flow rate of a fluid is proportional to the cross-sectional area and the velocity of the fluid.
48
What is the **Bernoulli's Equation**?
P + pgy + (1/2)pv² = constant
## Footnote
This equation relates pressure energy, potential energy, and kinetic energy in a fluid.
49
True or false: The **buoyant force** is always downward.
FALSE
## Footnote
The buoyant force is upward and equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
50
What does a **specific gravity** greater than 1 indicate?
The liquid is denser than water
## Footnote
A specific gravity less than 1 means the liquid is less dense than water.
51
What is **Coulomb's law** for electric force?
F = k * (Q1 * Q2) / r^2
## Footnote
Coulomb's constant has a value of: k = 9.0 x 10^9 N·m²/C².
52
The force F between two charges is **repulsive** if both charges are _______.
positive or both negative
## Footnote
The force is **attractive** if one charge is positive and the other is negative.
53
The **electric field** E due to a point charge q at a distance r is given by _______.
E = k * (q / r^2)
## Footnote
The electric field points away from a positive charge and toward a negative charge.
54
The **electric potential energy** U between two point charges is given by _______.
U = k * (Q1 * Q2) / r
## Footnote
This represents the potential energy stored due to their interaction.
55
The **electric potential** V due to a point charge q at a distance r is given by _______.
V = k * (q / r)
## Footnote
Electric potential is the energy per unit charge.
56
In constant electric fields, the equations are: F = _______.
qE
## Footnote
This indicates the force on a charge in an electric field.
57
The **potential energy** U in a constant electric field can be expressed as _______.
U = qEd
## Footnote
This shows the energy gained by a charge in a field.
58
The **electric potential** V in a constant electric field is given by _______.
V = Ed
## Footnote
This relates electric potential to the field strength and distance.
59
When a moving charge q enters a magnetic field B, it experiences a force F given by _______.
F = qv × B
## Footnote
The direction of the force can be found using the right-hand rule.
60
The magnitude of the force |F| on a moving charge is expressed as _______.
|F| = |qvB sin θ|
## Footnote
This formula accounts for the angle θ between the velocity and magnetic field.
61
What is **Ohm's law**?
V = IR
## Footnote
This law relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R).
62
The resistance of a wire is given by the formula R = _______.
pL/A
## Footnote
Where p is resistivity, L is length, and A is cross-sectional area.
63
What are the units of **resistivity**?
Ohm-meters (Ω·m)
## Footnote
Resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.
64
Electric power P can be calculated using any combination of two of the following quantities: **resistance R**, **voltage V**, or **current I**.
P = VI
## Footnote
Power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
65
For resistances in **series**, the total resistance is given by the formula: R_total = _______.
R1 + R2 + R3 + ...
## Footnote
This means the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances.
66
For resistances in **parallel**, the total resistance is given by the formula: 1/R_total = _______.
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...
## Footnote
This indicates that the total resistance decreases as more resistors are added.
67
A higher **capacitance** capacitor can store more charge at the same voltage. The formula for capacitance is C = _______.
Q/V
## Footnote
Where Q is the charge stored and V is the voltage across the capacitor.
68
For capacitors in **series**, the total capacitance is given by the formula: 1/C_total = _______.
1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + ...
## Footnote
This shows that the total capacitance decreases when capacitors are added in series.
69
For capacitors in **parallel**, the total capacitance is given by the formula: C_total = _______.
C1 + C2 + C3 + ...
## Footnote
This means the total capacitance is the sum of individual capacitances.
70
The amount of **electric energy** stored in a capacitor is given by the formula: U = _______.
1/2 CV^2
## Footnote
Where C is capacitance and V is the potential difference between the conductors.
71
What is the formula for **wave velocity**?
Wave velocity = frequency × wavelength
## Footnote
This relationship shows how fast a wave travels through a medium.
72
What is the **wave period** (T)?
T = time to complete one cycle
## Footnote
The wave period is measured in seconds.
73
How is **frequency** (f) related to the wave period?
f = 1/T
## Footnote
Frequency is the number of cycles per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
74
What does a difference of **10 decibels** correspond to in sound intensity?
A factor of 10 increase in intensity
## Footnote
For example, 90dB is 10 times as loud as 80dB.
75
What is the **threshold intensity** (lo)?
lo = 10^-12 W/m²
## Footnote
This is the reference intensity level for sound.
76
In a **standing wave** on a string, what determines the string length (L)?
L = fractional multiple of standing wave wavelength
## Footnote
Depending on how the string is fixed, each end can be a node or an anti-node.
77
What is the formula for **beat frequency** (Fbeat)?
Fbeat = |f1 - f2|
## Footnote
This occurs when two waves of different frequencies interfere with each other.
78
What is the **Doppler effect**?
The apparent frequency changes as the source approaches or recedes from the observer
## Footnote
The formula is t0 = f(v + vo)/(v - vs).
79
What is **Snell's law**?
n1 sin(θ1) = n2 sin(θ2)
## Footnote
This law describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction when light passes between two media.
80
What is the formula for **total internal reflection**?
sin0c =
## Footnote
The critical angle Oc is the angle of incidence beyond which total internal reflection occurs.
81
What is the formula for the **energy of one photon**?
E = hf
## Footnote
h is the Planck constant, 6.626068 x 10^-34 m² kg/s.
82
What happens to the **speed of light** in a medium with a higher index of refraction?
The speed of light slows down
## Footnote
The index of refraction indicates how much the speed of light is reduced in a medium.
83
What is the **lens equation**?
1/f = 1/do + 1/di
## Footnote
This equation relates the focal length (f), object distance (do), and image distance (di).
84
What is the sign of the **focal length** for a converging lens?
Positive
## Footnote
The focal length is always positive for converging lenses and concave mirrors.
85
What is the sign of the **object distance** (do) on the MCAT?
Always positive
## Footnote
The object distance is always considered positive in lens and mirror equations.
86
What is the sign of the **image distance** (di) if the image is on the opposite side of the lens from the incoming light?
Positive
## Footnote
The image distance is positive if the image is formed on the opposite side of the lens.
87
What is the formula for **lateral magnification** (m)?
m = hi / ho
## Footnote
hi is the height of the image and ho is the height of the object.
88
True or false: For an **upright image**, the magnification (m) is positive.
TRUE
## Footnote
For an inverted image, the magnification is negative.
89
What is the relationship between **focal length** and **lens power** (P)?
Inverse relationship
## Footnote
A smaller focal length indicates higher power, measured in diopters.
90
What is the relationship between the **focal length** and the **radius of curvature** for a spherical mirror?
f = r/2
## Footnote
The focal length is half of the radius of curvature.
91
What does the **metric system** provide?
A standard international (SI) set of units
## Footnote
The metric system is used globally for scientific measurements.
92
How many **base units** are there in the metric system?
Seven
## Footnote
These base units can be combined to measure other properties.
93
List the **seven base units** of the metric system.
* Metre
* Kilogram
* Second
* Ampere
* Kelvin
* Mole
* Candela
## Footnote
Candelas are not required to be remembered.
94
What is the **unit of length** in the metric system?
Metre
## Footnote
The metre is the base unit for measuring length.
95
What is the **unit of mass** in the metric system?
Kilogram
## Footnote
The kilogram is the base unit for measuring mass.
96
What is the **unit of time** in the metric system?
Second
## Footnote
The second is the base unit for measuring time.
97
What is the **unit of electric current** in the metric system?
Ampere
## Footnote
The ampere is the base unit for measuring electric current.
98
What is the **unit of temperature** in the metric system?
Kelvin
## Footnote
The kelvin is the base unit for measuring temperature.
99
What is the **unit of substance** in the metric system?
Mole
## Footnote
The mole is the base unit for measuring the amount of substance.
100
What is the **unit of luminous intensity** in the metric system?
Candela
## Footnote
The candela is the base unit for measuring luminous intensity.
101
What do **prefixes** in the metric system do?
Change the size of a unit
## Footnote
Prefixes are used to denote different powers of ten.
102
What is the **abbreviation** and **power of 10** for the prefix **kilo**?
Abbreviation: k
Power of 10: 10^3
## Footnote
Kilo denotes a factor of one thousand.
103
What is the **abbreviation** and **power of 10** for the prefix **mega**?
Abbreviation: M
Power of 10: 10^6
## Footnote
Mega denotes a factor of one million.
104
What is the **abbreviation** and **power of 10** for the prefix **giga**?
Abbreviation: G
Power of 10: 10^9
## Footnote
Giga denotes a factor of one billion.
105
What is the **abbreviation** and **power of 10** for the prefix **tera**?
Abbreviation: T
Power of 10: 10^12
## Footnote
Tera denotes a factor of one trillion.
106
In physics equations, why must we use **standard units**?
To ensure consistency in calculations
## Footnote
Using standard units allows for accurate and comparable results.
107
If given a distance of **5 cm**, how should it be converted for equations of motion?
5 × 10^-2 m = 0.05 m
## Footnote
Conversion to standard units is necessary for calculations.
108
True or false: When using a **ratio**, you can use different units as they cancel out.
TRUE
## Footnote
Ratios allow for flexibility in unit usage as long as they are consistent.
109
What is the unit of mass expressed in grams if **1 ng = 10^-9 g**?
1 ng = 10^-9 g = 10^-9 × 10^3 kg = 10^-6 kg
## Footnote
This shows the conversion from nanograms to kilograms.
110
111
What is the **logarithmic function** used for in chemistry?
pH calculations
## Footnote
The logarithmic function helps in determining the acidity or basicity of a solution.
112
What does the logarithm tell you?
What power of 10 gives you the value
## Footnote
The natural logarithm (In) does the same for e = 2.718.
113
Calculate: **log 100**.
2
## Footnote
Because 10^2 = 100.
114
Calculate: **log 1,000**.
3
## Footnote
Because 10^3 = 1,000.
115
Calculate: **log 0.001**.
-3
## Footnote
Because 10^-3 = 0.001.
116
Calculate: **log 0.0001**.
-4
## Footnote
Because 10^-4 = 0.0001.
117
What is the relationship between powers of 10 and logarithms?
A power of 10 has an exact integer logarithm
## Footnote
Any other number can be found between them.
118
What is the approximate value of **log(700)**?
Closer to 3
## Footnote
Since log 100 = 2 and log 1000 = 3, log 700 falls between these values.
119
Calculate: **log 100,000**.
5
## Footnote
Because 10^5 = 100,000.
120
Calculate: **log 946,000**.
5.9
## Footnote
This value is between log 100,000 and log 1,000,000.
121
What is the formula for **frequency** (f) in relation to **wavelength** (λ) and **speed of light** (c)?
f = c / λ
## Footnote
This equation relates the frequency of a wave to its wavelength and the speed of light.
122
What is the equation for **energy** (E) of a photon in terms of **frequency** (f)?
E = hf
## Footnote
Here, h represents Planck's constant.
123
What is the formula for **momentum** (p) of a wave?
p = mv
## Footnote
This equation relates momentum to mass (m) and velocity (v).
124
In the **photoelectric effect**, what is the equation for the **kinetic energy** of an electron (Ekelectron)?
Ekelectron = Elight - Ework function
## Footnote
This equation shows how the energy of light is used to overcome the work function and provide kinetic energy to the electron.
125
What is the formula for **molarity** (M)?
M = Isolute / Vsolution
## Footnote
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
126
What is the formula for **molality** (b or m)?
m = Isolute / Msolvent
## Footnote
Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
127
What is the formula for **mole fraction** (XA)?
XA = Isolute / Itotal
## Footnote
Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles in the mixture.
128
What is the equation for **partial pressure** (PA) in terms of **mole fraction** (XA) and **total pressure** (Ptotal)?
PA = XA × Ptotal
## Footnote
This equation relates the partial pressure of a gas to its mole fraction and the total pressure of the gas mixture.
129
What is the formula for **mass percent**? Fill in the blank: **Mass % = _______**.
MA / Mtotal × 100%
## Footnote
Mass percent expresses the mass of a component as a percentage of the total mass.
130
What is the formula for **parts per million** (ppm)? Fill in the blank: **ppm = _______**.
MA / Mtotal × 10^6
## Footnote
PPM is a way to express very dilute concentrations of substances.
131
What is the formula for **frequency** (f) in relation to **wavelength** (λ) and **speed of light** (c)?
f = c / λ
## Footnote
This equation relates the frequency of a wave to its wavelength and the speed of light.
132
What is the equation for **energy** (E) of a photon in terms of **frequency** (f)?
E = hf
## Footnote
Here, h represents Planck's constant.
133
What is the formula for **momentum** (p) of a wave?
p = mv
## Footnote
This equation relates momentum to mass (m) and velocity (v).
134
In the **photoelectric effect**, what is the equation for the **kinetic energy** of an electron (Ekelectron)?
Ekelectron = Elight - Ework function
## Footnote
This equation shows how the energy of light is used to overcome the work function and provide kinetic energy to the electron.
135
What is the formula for **molarity** (M)?
M = Isolute / Vsolution
## Footnote
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
136
What is the formula for **molality** (b or m)?
m = Isolute / Msolvent
## Footnote
Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
137
What is the formula for **mole fraction** (XA)?
XA = Isolute / Itotal
## Footnote
Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of a component to the total number of moles in the mixture.
138
What is the equation for **partial pressure** (PA) in terms of **mole fraction** (XA) and **total pressure** (Ptotal)?
PA = XA × Ptotal
## Footnote
This equation relates the partial pressure of a gas to its mole fraction and the total pressure of the gas mixture.
139
What is the formula for **mass percent**? Fill in the blank: **Mass % = _______**.
MA / Mtotal × 100%
## Footnote
Mass percent expresses the mass of a component as a percentage of the total mass.
140
What is the formula for **parts per million** (ppm)? Fill in the blank: **ppm = _______**.
MA / Mtotal × 10^6
## Footnote
PPM is a way to express very dilute concentrations of substances.
141
What is the formula for **pH**?
pH = -log[H3O*]
## Footnote
This formula is used to calculate the acidity of a solution.
142
What is the relationship between **pH** and **pOH** at room temperature?
pH + pOH = pKw = 14
## Footnote
This equation shows the inverse relationship between pH and pOH.
143
What is the equation that relates **pKa** and **pKb**?
pKa + pKb = pKw = 14
## Footnote
This equation is essential for understanding acid-base equilibria.
144
What is the formula for calculating the **pH** of a buffer?
pH = pK. + 10g (acia)
## Footnote
This formula is used to determine the pH of buffer solutions.
145
What is the conversion formula for temperature in **Kelvin**?
K = °C + 273
## Footnote
This formula is used to convert Celsius to Kelvin.
146
What is **Avogadro's number** (NA)?
NA = 6 × 10^23 molecules
## Footnote
This number represents the number of molecules in one mole of a substance.
147
What is the value of **Planck's constant** (h)?
h = 6.6 x 10^-34 Js
## Footnote
Planck's constant is a fundamental constant in quantum mechanics.
148
What is the equivalent of **1 atm** in other pressure units?
1 atm = 760 Torr = 760 mmHg ~ 100 kPa = 1 bar
## Footnote
These conversions are important for understanding pressure measurements.
149
What is the speed of light (c)?
c = 3 x 10^8 m/s
## Footnote
The speed of light is a fundamental constant in physics.
150
What is the value of **Kw** at room temperature?
Kw = 1 × 10^-14
## Footnote
This value represents the ion product of water at 25°C.
151
What does **R-R** represent in functional group mnemonics?
Alkane
## Footnote
Indicates a saturated hydrocarbon with single bonds.
152
What does **R=R** represent in functional group mnemonics?
Alkene
## Footnote
Indicates an unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one double bond.
153
What does **RER** represent in functional group mnemonics?
Alkyne
## Footnote
Indicates an unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond.
154
What mnemonic is used for **Ether**?
Ether Bunny
## Footnote
Refers to R groups on the ether side.
155
What does **KEtone** look like?
Looks like a key
## Footnote
Refers to the structure of a ketone functional group.
156
What is the mnemonic for **AmiNe**?
- NH2
## Footnote
Indicates the amine functional group.
157
What does **Ester** represent in functional group mnemonics?
R-OH
## Footnote
Refers to the structure of an ester functional group.
158
What is the mnemonic for **Carboxylic Acid**?
To use a car, use a keytone. Don't mix that with box wine (alcohol)!
## Footnote
Highlights the relationship between carboxylic acids and alcohols.
159
What does **AldeHYDE** signify?
H hides from the C=O
## Footnote
Refers to the structure of an aldehyde functional group.
160
What does **AmiDe** represent?
NHR
## Footnote
Indicates an amide functional group, similar to an amine but near a double bond.
161
What does **ACyl Chloride** resemble?
Like ACetic acid, but with a CI
## Footnote
Refers to the structure of an acyl chloride functional group.
162
What is the mnemonic for **Anhydride**?
Tears streaming from your eyes into your mouth ('and I cried')
## Footnote
Highlights the structure of an anhydride functional group.
163
What does **enol** contain?
Has a double bond like an alkene
Has an OH like an alcohol
## Footnote
Refers to the structure of an enol functional group.
164
What is the mnemonic for **Ketal/Acetal**?
Al yells ROOR!
## Footnote
Refers to the structure of ketals and acetals.
165
What does **Imine** signify?
Like an amine, but with one extra l (an extra bond)
## Footnote
Refers to the structure of an imine functional group.
166
What is the mnemonic for **Hemiacetal/hemiketal**?
Yelling over the sound of his hemi, Al yells rudely
## Footnote
Highlights the structure of hemiacetals and hemiketals.
PREP101 MCAT
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