Foundation (app-generated)

Question 1

Define behavioral science.

Answer 1

The study of human behavior through various disciplines like psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

Question 2

True or false: Cognitive biases affect decision-making.

Answer 2

TRUE

Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.

Question 3

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 3

A learning process through which behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with a ______.

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

What does social learning theory emphasize?

Answer 5

The importance of observing and modeling behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.

Question 6

Define cognitive dissonance.

Answer 6

The mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs or values.

Question 7

True or false: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a linear model.

Answer 7

FALSE

It is a pyramid structure where higher needs become relevant after lower needs are satisfied.

Question 8

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 8

A social phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present.

Question 9

Fill in the blank: Heuristics are mental shortcuts that ease ______.

Answer 9

cognitive load

Question 10

Define positive reinforcement.

Answer 10

The introduction of a rewarding stimulus following a desired behavior to increase its occurrence.

Question 11

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 11

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions and the emotions of others.

Question 12

True or false: Groupthink leads to better decision-making.

Answer 12

FALSE

Groupthink often results in poor decisions due to a lack of critical thinking.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: Self-efficacy refers to one’s belief in their own ______.

Answer 13

ability to succeed

Question 14

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

Answer 14

A persuasion strategy where a small request is followed by a larger request.

Question 15

Define confirmation bias.

Answer 15

The tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs.

Question 16

What is the placebo effect?

Answer 16

A beneficial effect produced by a placebo, resulting from the patient’s expectations.

Question 17

True or false: Intrinsic motivation comes from external rewards.

Answer 17

FALSE

Intrinsic motivation is driven by internal rewards, such as personal satisfaction.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: Social norms are unwritten rules about ______.

Answer 18

acceptable behavior

Question 19

What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

Answer 19

A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals change unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors.

Question 20

Define attachment theory.

Answer 20

A psychological model describing the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships.

Question 21

What is the halo effect?

Answer 21

A cognitive bias where the perception of one positive trait influences the perception of other traits.

Question 22

True or false: Stereotypes are always negative.

Answer 22

FALSE

Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral but often lead to oversimplification.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: Attribution theory explains how individuals interpret ______.

Answer 23

causes of behavior

Question 24

What is the mere exposure effect?

Answer 24

The phenomenon where people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar.

Question 25

Define **operational definition**.

Answer 25

A clear, precise, and measurable definition of a variable used in research.

Question 26

What is **the framing effect**?

Answer 26

The way information is presented can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 27

True or false: **Altruism** is motivated by self-interest.

Answer 27

FALSE ## Footnote Altruism is the selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: **Reciprocity** is the social norm of responding to a positive action with ______.

Answer 28

another positive action

Question 29

What is **the theory of planned behavior**?

Answer 29

A theory that links beliefs and behavior, suggesting intention predicts actual behavior.

Question 30

Define **cognitive load**.

Answer 30

The total amount of mental effort being used in working memory.

Question 31

What is **the sunk cost fallacy**?

Answer 31

The tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made.

Question 32

True or false: **Emotional contagion** refers to the spread of emotions among individuals.

Answer 32

TRUE ## Footnote Emotional contagion can occur through facial expressions, voice tone, and body language.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: **Self-fulfilling prophecy** occurs when a belief leads to its own ______.

Answer 33

fulfillment

Question 34

What is **the availability heuristic**?

Answer 34

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic.

Question 35

Define **social identity theory**.

Answer 35

A theory that suggests a person's sense of who they are is based on their group memberships.

Question 36

What is **the Dunning-Kruger effect**?

Answer 36

A cognitive bias where individuals with low ability overestimate their competence.

Question 37

True or false: **Motivation** is solely driven by external rewards.

Answer 37

FALSE ## Footnote Motivation can be intrinsic (internal) or extrinsic (external).

Question 38

Fill in the blank: **Behavior modification** involves changing behavior through ______.

Answer 38

reinforcement or punishment

Question 39

What is **the social proof principle**?

Answer 39

The tendency to conform to what others are doing in uncertain situations.

Question 40

Define **nudge theory**.

Answer 40

A concept in behavioral science that proposes positive reinforcement and indirect suggestions influence behavior.

Question 41

What is **the illusion of control**?

Answer 41

The tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events.

Question 42

True or false: **Behavioral economics** combines psychology and economic theory.

Answer 42

TRUE ## Footnote It studies how psychological factors affect economic decision-making.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: **Implicit bias** refers to attitudes or stereotypes that affect our ______.

Answer 43

understanding, actions, and decisions

Question 44

What is **the Zeigarnik effect**?

Answer 44

The tendency to remember uncompleted tasks better than completed ones.

Question 45

Define **social influence**.

Answer 45

The effect that other people have on an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Question 46

What is **the bandwagon effect**?

Answer 46

The phenomenon where people do something primarily because others are doing it.

Question 47

True or false: **Cognitive restructuring** is a technique used in CBT.

Answer 47

TRUE ## Footnote It aims to change negative thought patterns into positive ones.

Question 48

Fill in the blank: **Behavioral activation** is a therapeutic intervention for ______.

Answer 48

depression

Question 49

What is **the scarcity principle**?

Answer 49

The idea that people place a higher value on items that are perceived as scarce.

Question 50

Define **empathy**.

Answer 50

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

Question 51

What is **the optimism bias**?

Answer 51

The belief that positive outcomes are more likely than negative outcomes.

Question 52

True or false: **Behavioral interventions** are designed to change specific behaviors.

Answer 52

TRUE ## Footnote They are often used in therapy and education.

Question 53

Fill in the blank: **Cognitive distortions** are irrational thoughts that can influence ______.

Answer 53

emotions and behaviors

Question 54

What is **the principle of least effort**?

Answer 54

The tendency for individuals to choose the path of least resistance in decision-making.

Question 55

Define **self-regulation**.

Answer 55

The ability to manage one's emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in different situations.

Question 56

What is **the framing effect**?

Answer 56

The influence of how information is presented on decision-making and judgment.

Question 57

True or false: **Behavioral modeling** involves learning through observation.

Answer 57

TRUE ## Footnote It is a key concept in social learning theory.

Question 58

Fill in the blank: **Cognitive biases** can lead to systematic errors in ______.

Answer 58

judgment and decision-making

Question 59

What is **the principle of reciprocity**?

Answer 59

The social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action.

Question 60

Define **social loafing**.

Answer 60

The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group.

Question 61

What is **the sunk cost fallacy**?

Answer 61

The inclination to continue an endeavor due to previously invested resources.

Question 62

True or false: **Self-perception theory** suggests that people infer their attitudes from their behavior.

Answer 62

TRUE ## Footnote This theory posits that behavior can influence attitudes.

Question 63

Fill in the blank: **Behavioral economics** studies the effects of psychological factors on ______.

Answer 63

economic decision-making

Question 64

What is **the mere exposure effect**?

Answer 64

The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases liking for it.

Question 65

Define **cognitive dissonance**.

Answer 65

The mental discomfort experienced when holding conflicting beliefs or attitudes.

Question 66

What is **the availability heuristic**?

Answer 66

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind.

Question 67

True or false: **Emotional intelligence** is unrelated to leadership success.

Answer 67

FALSE ## Footnote High emotional intelligence is often linked to effective leadership.

Question 68

Fill in the blank: **Self-affirmation theory** suggests that people maintain self-integrity through ______.

Answer 68

affirming their self-worth

Question 69

What is **the spotlight effect**?

Answer 69

The tendency to overestimate how much others notice our behavior and appearance.

Question 70

Define **cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)**.

Answer 70

A form of psychotherapy that focuses on changing unhelpful cognitive distortions and behaviors.

Question 71

What is **the optimism bias**?

Answer 71

The belief that positive outcomes are more likely than negative ones.

Question 72

True or false: **Social comparison theory** explains how individuals evaluate themselves.

Answer 72

TRUE ## Footnote It suggests that people determine their own social and personal worth.

Question 73

Fill in the blank: **Implicit attitudes** are evaluations that occur without ______.

Answer 73

conscious awareness

Question 74

What is **the framing effect**?

Answer 74

The influence of how information is presented on decision-making.

Question 75

Define **self-efficacy**.

Answer 75

The belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

Question 76

True or false: **Behavioral nudges** are subtle interventions to influence behavior.

Answer 76

TRUE ## Footnote They aim to improve decision-making without restricting choices.

Question 77

Fill in the blank: **Social norms** guide behavior in a ______.

Answer 77

social context

Question 78

What is **the bandwagon effect**?

Answer 78

The tendency to adopt beliefs or behaviors because others have done so.

Question 79

Define **cognitive load theory**.

Answer 79

A theory that describes the amount of working memory resources used during learning.

Question 80

What is **the illusion of transparency**?

Answer 80

The belief that one's internal states are more visible to others than they actually are.

Question 81

Fill in the blank: **Cognitive restructuring** is a technique used to change ______.

Answer 81

negative thought patterns