Borden grade
ICH score
Mortality:
1 = 0%
1 = 13%
2 = 26%
3 = 72%
4 = 97%
5 and 6 = 100%
Carotid-cavernous fistulas
Incidence: 0.2% of head injuries and 4% in skull base fractures
High flow = direct from ICA
Low flow = indirect from branches
Chemosis, proptosis, visual deterioration, raised interlocutor pressure, diplopia
Embolize via carotid, petrosal sinus via IJV or direct to superior ophthalmic vein
Diffusion tenser imaging
Direction of diffusion of water to assess white matter tracts
Hand of benediction sign
Median nerve palsy
How to differentiate ulnar nerve compression at the cubical tunnel versus guyon’s canal
Sensation of the dorsum of hand will be normal at wrist compression and reduced at the elbow
Holoprosencephaly, Septo-optic dysplasia (absence of septum pellucidum), agenesis of corpus callosum are defects of what embyrological stage
Ventral induction
5th - 10th week of gestation
3 primary vesicles divide into the 5 secondary vesicles
Prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombocephalon
to
Telecephalon, diancephalon, mesencephalon, metacephalon, myelencephalon
Anterior versus posterior hypothalamus for temperature regulation
Anterior hypothalamus stimulation causes decrease in temperature
Posterior hypothalamus stimulation causes increase in temperature via shivering, vasoconstriction and thyroxine release
Parasympathetic versus sympathetic bladder innervation
A Dentate Nucleus
B Fastigule nucleus
C 4th ventricle
D Cerebellar hemisphere
E Embiloform nucleus
F Globose nucleus
G Superior cerebellar peduncle
H Pons
Legius syndrome
NF1 like syndrome
Cafe au lait spots, axillary freckles and developmental dealy
Lacks the optic gliomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumours seen in NF1
Mutation of SPRED1 on chromosome 15
Herring bodies
Posterior pituitary
contain ADH and oxytocin
Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes seen in retinoblastoma
Cytoplasmic extension into the rosette
Evidence for 5-ALA
Stummer. Lancet. 2006
n = 322
5-ala versus white light
GTR 65% versus 36%
5-ala had higher 6 month progression free survival 41% versus 21%
Sheehan’s syndrome
Post partum hypopituitarism
Severe hypotension due to haemorrhage in labour causing pituitary ischaemia
Drug used in Cushing’s Disease
Mitotane
Borrelia burgdorferi
Lyme disease
From tick bits
Spirochete bacterium
Facial nerve palsy
Timeline of abscess formation
Days 1-3: Early cerebritis. Marked cerebral oedema
Days 4-9: Necrosis with pus formation. Worsening cerebral oedema
Days 10-13: Early capsule formation, collagen deposited
Days 14+: Late capsule formation, thick collagen, oedema may regress
Primary and secondary brain vesicles
Primary brain vesicles form at the 4th gestational week
Secondary brain vesicles form at the 5th gestational week
“Anticipation” in Huntington’s Disease
Huntington gene on chromosome 4 causes repeats in CAG
As the number of repeats increase, the disease onset becomes earlier
As the mutated gene is passed on to offspring, higher number of CAG repeats occurs
Hemimegalencephaly
Hamartomatous overgrowth of one cerebral hemisphere
A Lateral ventricle
B Alveus
C Hippocampus
D Choroid plexus
E Fimbria
F Dentate gyrus
G Performant path
H Subiculum
I Entorhinal cortex
J Collateral sulcus
K Alvear path
L Two way connections with sensory association areas
Superficial cerebral siderosis following what operation
Hemispherectomy for epilepsy due to recurrent subarachnoid bleeds
