1
Q
What are the main concerns of personality researchers?
A
- Human nature
- Organisation of “bits” of people
- goals, moods etc
- How you are perceived by others
- Psychology
2
Q
What was Freud’s structural model?
A
- Id
- the pleasure seeker
- Ego
- the decider, development of self-awareness
- Superego
- extreme internalionsation of good and bad
3
Q
What was Freud’s topographical model?
A
- Conscious
- -> everything you are conscious of right now
- Pre-consciousness
- -> something you can access fairly easily and bring to consciousness
- Unconscious
- -> motivated, wants to control what is in the consicousness
4
Q
What does Freud say about the information we report ourselves?
A
- because the unconsciousness is MOTIVATED to control what is in the consciousness
= reports/ beliefs about out own ‘threatening’ behaviours are sometimes wrong
= validity of self-report
5
Q
What are the key concepts of personality?
A
- Energy
- Anxiety - root of the problem
- Defence mechanism
6
Q
What does Freud say about energy being one of the key concepts of personality?
A
- can only be expressed, blocked, delayed or modified
- Stems from instincts
- -> inherited instincts
7
Q
What are instincts?
A
- state of excitement (tension)
- located at various centers in the body
According to one’s stage of development
8
Q
What are some inherited instincts?
A
- Life instinct (Eros energy)
- Ego
- -> self-preservation
- Sexual (libido energy)
- -> species preservation aim - Death instinct (Thanatos energy)
- the aim of all life is death
9
Q
According to Freud, what is the root of the problem that directs a person’s personality?
A
- Trauma from when instinct is expressed and is harmful to self
= anxiety –> reminds them of previous trauma - all this can be unconsciously taking place
10
Q
What is the primary defence mechanism?
A
Repression
11
Q
What are the 2 different forms of repression?
A
- Primary repression
- unwanted material turned away before reaching awareness
- leaks into consciousness in disguised ways - After-expulsion
- unwanted material notices in consciousness
12
Q
What are highly adaptive defence mechanisms?
A
- Altruism
- Sublimation
13
Q
What is altruism like as a defence mechanism?
A
- seeking pleasure from giving to others what people would themselves like to receive
- especially the comfort of security
14
Q
What is sublimation?
A
- Defence mechanism
- Satisfying an impulse with a socially acceptable object
- eg sports w/ aggression
15
Q
What are some mental inhibiting defence mechanisms?
A
- Displacement
- Reaction formation
16
Q
Describe displacement as a defence mechanism
A
- love or other emotions displace to someone who is “like mum”
17
Q
What is reaction formation?
A
- Defence mechanism
- saying/ expression the opposite of what they want to say impulsively
18
Q
What are some disavowal defence mechanisms?
A
- Denial
- Projection
- Rationalisation
19
Q
What is projection?
A
- defence mechanism
- something about oneself is threatening to oneself
- Misattributing feelings onto others
20
Q
What is rationalisation as a defence mechanism?
A
- finding another way to deal with a fact
- an earthquake? = God’s will
21
Q
What is TMT?
A
Terror management theory
- any sort of defensive behaviour is stems from being aware of/ fear of death
- Scrooge Effect
- -> Being aware of our own death = changes behaviour
22
Q
What is a method for dealing with “terror” of mortality?
A
- believe in something that can continue without you
= political movements
= cultural world views
23
Q
What support the TMT theory?
A
- people donated more money when asked for outside a grave yard
= reminded of death - no point of money
= BUT charity still needs to be relevant to their cultural world views
24
Q
What are the psycho’sexual’ development stages?
A
- Oral
- Birth –> 1
- early oral: sucking, swallowing
- late oral: biting, chewing - Anal
- 1 –> 3
- Early anal: Pleasure from pooping
- Late anal: Pleasure from holding poop - Phallic
- 3 –> 5
- Beginning of masturbation
- oedipus complex - Latency
- 6 –> 12
- sexual urges remain repressed
- energy poured into other asexual pursuits = school etc
- beginning of puberty - Genital
25
What is different about Erkson's psychosocial stage of development to Freud's psychosexual stages?
- considers that the stages don't stop after a certain age and continues into adulthood + old age
26
What is important about identity status during adolescence?
- is the specific time to create their identity
| - confronting them/ or not can = certain fixations
27
How does the personality develop according to Freud?
- as they move through the psychosexual stages social rewards/ punishments as they express their instincts result in fixations
- an interplay between the expression + inhibitions of instincts
28
What is the personality formula?
f(p x e)
P = function( person x environment)
- ultimately down to ego
29
What causes someone to develop to develop a resilient personality?
- when ego can satisfy the needs of the id, superego and reality
30
What causes someone to develop an over-controlled personality?
- superego too strong
| - rigidly judgemental
31
What are the 2 different oral characteristics?
1. Oral incorporative: Over-indulged
- optimistic, Gullible, "swallow anything"
2. Oral Aggressive: Under-indulged
- Pessimistic, suspicious, "biting remarks"
32
What is the anal triad; Haslam, 2011?
adult traits that tells us they have an anal fixation:
- orderliness
- obstinacy
- Parsimony/ miserliness
33
What are the different anal fixation personalities?
1. Anal retentive
- 'rigid' + over-controlled
- stingy + perfectionist + risk-averse
2. Anal expulsive
- 'sadistic' + under-controlled
- messiness, vagueness, disorganise, rebellious
34
What is ego culture?
- one person's instinct expression can trigger other anxieties
- people therefore attempt to control other's instinct expressions thereby causing trauma
- society codifies such processes
35
What are the different forms of altruism?
- Pseudoaltruism
- Psychotic altruism
- Protoaltruism
- Generative altruism
- Conflicted altruism
36
What is pseudoaltruism?
- being nice because you "should be" nice
| - driven by "scary" feelings = envy/ inadequacy
37
What is psychotic altruism?
anxieties promoting neurotic (disorganised) self-perceptions of serving others
38
What is protoaltruism?
- instinctive, biological - parental nurturing
39
What is generative altruism?
- Non-defensive, taking pleasure in helping and/ or enjoying other's improved welfare
40
What is conflicted altruism?
Altruism which is both generative + a defence against anxiety
41
What is an issue with Freud?
- methodologically not good
- -> small sample, subjectively analysed
- hard to test = unfalsified
42
What are some good things about freud despite all the criticism?
- Comprehensive since it covers a lot of thing
- Parsimonious = can explain a lot with a little
- enduring + generative - despite hostility
Individuals and Groups
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