Describe “personality types”
- diagnosing people as members (or not) of a particular category
- “He’s Anal” = certain characteristics
- Encourages dichotomous + polarised thinking
- -> can = overgeneralisation
What are Jung’s interpretation of “types”?
- more on a scale
- more introverted
- -> dominant concern w/ internal objects of knowledge - the self
- More extraverted
- -> dominant concern with external objects of knowledge - the world
- both types use all four functions
What are Jung’s 4 functions?
- 4 dynamic by which all people know themselves + the world
- Sensation = perception
- Thinking = logic
- Intuiting = via UCs
- Feeling = evaluation/ judgement
How did Myers + Briggs modify + extend “Jung’s ideas?
- paired + contrasted so instead of saying you are THIS can say you Favour/ dominated scale
- -> sensation vs intuition
- -> thinking vs feeling
- Added
- -> judging vs perception
- Mixed in
- -> introversion vs extraversion
What is not so good about using “types” to understand personality?
- not reliable = suggests no invariability but people changeeee bro
- not valid
- not comprehensive = missing stuff: emotional stability
- Not independent = easy to be high on ‘opposite’
What are traits?
= movement away from types
- dimensions of personality on which individuals vary
EG: everyone is introvert + extrovert to some extent
- depends on situation
traits are….
- personal (internal) rather than situational
- stable vs transitory
- consistent vs inconsistent (across similar situations)
- can be relatively broad or narrow (across different situations)
- Potentially universal dimensions
What are Allport’s non-common traits?
- Cardinal traits
- single defining traits rarely chracterise individuals (like types) - Central traits
- what we mainly mean now
- mentioned in recommendation letters - Secondary traits
- like central but more specific to particular response
What is the lexical hypothesis?
- all aspects of human personality have already become recorded in the substance of language
= broad terms
What is factor analysis?
- principe statistical method of most trait theorist
- similar pattern in particular groups of words resulting in an umbrella cluster
- -> conscientious = orderly, punctual
- you only get what you put in issue
What is Raymond Cattell’s 16PF?
- 16 PF
- a measure with things he thought were missing and important with other personality traits
What models did Hans Eyseneck develop?
- Big two
- -> intro vs extro
- -> unstable vs stable
- Big 3
- -> included those who are not normal = pscyhoticism vs neuroticism
What is Costa + McCrar’s Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality traits?
- OCEAN
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
- -> produced from interviews vs lexical hypothesis
What is the discussion about the vaildity of personality tests based on?
- are people just changing = measures still valid
- OR measure just not valid??
What is the difference between the Big 5 and the FFM?
FFM: OCEAN
- Openness = Intellect
- Extraversion = surgency
- Neuroticism = emotional stability
Why do people challenge the claim that the FFM is comprehensive?
- not not exhaustively measure individual differences in personality
- eg like an exam where you extrapolate they know shit
What is the model hypothesis?
- where almost every personality trait is substantially related to one or more of the 5 factors
- not worth having a 6th factor so = miscellaneous
What is good about research into the BIG 5?
- compatible with neuroscience
- predictive in specific areas eg jobs + anti vs pro social behaviour
What are facets of a trait?
- smaller similar characteristics that contribute to the trait
EG: agreeableness —> trust, altruism
What is trait breadth?
- trait can have intermediate levels between the trait and the facets
What are the facets for the FFM trait: Openness?
Fantasy, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas
What are the facets for the FFM trait: Conscientiousness
Through, responsible, preserving
What are the facets for the FFM trait: Extraversion
Warmth, assertiveness, positive emotions, excitement seeking
What are the facets for the FFM trait: Agreeableness
Good natured, not jealous, mild, co-operative
