1
Q
It is the determination of the individuality of a person or thing.
A
Personal Identification
2
Q
Using appropriate techniques, is a fundamental scientific discipline used in the identification of the living, recently deceased and compromised human remains.
A
Forensic Personal Identification
It is often used as a tool in the crime scene investigation
3
Q
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFICATION OF PERSON?
A
- In the prosecution of the criminal offense
- The identification of a person missing or presumed dead will facilitate settlement
- Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of-kin
- Identification may be needed in some transactions
4
Q
It is the application of the principles of various science in solving problems in connection with the administration of justice.
A
CRIMINALISTICS
5
Q
A branch of forensic science that deals with physical evidence that has to be collected, preserved,examined and compared in order to serve the end of justice
A
CRIMINALISTICS
6
Q
It refers to the application of principles of various science to law.
A
FORENSIC SCIENCE
7
Q
It is a course or a group of subjects which use principles of various studies that would give light to certain legal issues.
A
FORENSIC SCIENCE
8
Q
Law of Multiplicity of Evidence : “The greater the number of points of ______________________ of two persons compared, the greater is the probability for the ______________________ ”.
A
The greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater probability for the conclusion to be correct.
9
Q
Identification criteria recovered during investigation are compared with records available in the file, or postmortem finding are compared with ante-mortem records.
A
IDENTIFICATION BY COMPARISON
10
Q
If two or more persons have to be identified and all but one is not yet identified, then the one whose identity has not been established may be known by the process of elimination
A
IDENTIFICATION BY EXCLUSION
11
Q
WHAT ARE THE TWO (2) METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION?
A
- IDENTIFICATION BY COMPARISON
- IDENTIFICATION BY EXCLUSION
12
Q
Enumerate: Characteristics that may easily be changed:
A
• Growth of hair, beard, or mustache
• Clothing
• Frequent place of visit
• Grade of Profession
• Body Ornaments
13
Q
Enumerate: Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
A
• MANNERISM
• LEFT OR RIGHT HANDEDNESS
• MENTAL MEMORY
• SPEECH
• COMPLEXION
• CHANGES IN THE EYES
• DEGREE OF NUTRITION
• GAIT
14
Q
A person, on account of disease or some inborn traits, may show a characteristic manner of walking.
A
GAIT
15
Q
What are the types of Gait?
A
- Ataxic gait
- Cerebellar gait
- Cow’s gait
- Paretic gait
- Spastic gait
- Festinating gait
- Frog gait
- Waddling gait
16
Q
A gait in which the foot is raised high, thrown forward and brought down suddenly is seen in persons suffering from tabes dorsalis.
A
Ataxic gait
17
Q
A gait associated with staggering movement is seen in cerebellar diseases.
A
Cerebellar gait
18
Q
A gait accompanied by swaying movement due to knock-knee.
A
Cow’s gait
19
Q
Gait in which the steps are short, the feet are dragged and the legs are held more or less widely apart.
A
Paretic gait
20
Q
A gait in which the legs are held together and move in a stiff manner and the toes dragged
A
Spastic gait
21
Q
A gait accompanied with involuntary movement in short accelerating steps.
A
Festinating gait
22
Q
A gait accompanied with hopping resulting from infantile paralysis
A
Frog gait
23
Q
Exaggerated alternation of lateral trunk movement similar to the movement of the duck.
A
Waddling gait
24
Q
POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION APPLICABLE TO BOTH LIVING AND DEAD BEFORE THE ONSET OF DECOMPOSITION:
A
- Color of the skin:
-Caucasian — Fair
-Malayan — Brown
-Mongolian — Fair
-Negro — Black - Feature of the face:
-Caucasian — Prominent sharp nose
-Mongolian — Almond eyes and prominent cheek bone
-Malayan — Flat nose with round face
-Negro — Thick lips and prominent eyes - Shape of the skull:
-Caucasian — Elongated skull
-Malayan — Hound head
-Mongolian — Round head
-Ked Indians and Eskimos — Flat head
25
These marks offer help in identification as certain occupations or trades may leave marks.
OCCUPATIONAL MARKS
##Footnotes
These marks may be temporary or permanent.
26
Marks caused by paints, dyes, chemicals or grease etc. at fingertips in case of painters, dyers, engineers or mechanics respectively.
Temporary Occupational Marks:
##Footnotes
Microscopic examination of the dust or debris under nail beds or in clothes or in earwax may also aid in identification.
27
Marks accompanied with heavy and rough hands (seen in manual labourers).
- Needle puncture marks on left index fingers (Tailors).
- Thickening of the palmer skin of fingers (Butcher).
Permanent Occupational Mark
##Footnotes
Certain occupations may impart colour changes to hairs:
- Copper smelters have greenish hair
- Indigo and cobalt miners have bluish hairs
28
Enumerate: Different kinds of Facies
1. Hippocratic Facies
2. Mongolian Facies
3. Facies Leonine
4. Myxedemic Facies
29
These are different kinds of facial expressions brought about by disease or racial influence
FACIES
30
The nose is pinched, the temple hollow, eyes sunken, ears cold, lips relaxed and skin livid.
Hippocratic Facies
##Footnotes
The appearance of the facies indicative of approaching death.
31
Almond eyes, pale complexion, prominence of cheek bones.
Mongolian facies
32
A peculiar, deeply furrowed, lion-like of the face. This may be observed in leprosy, elephantiasis , leontiasis ossia.
Facies Leonine
33
It is the natural height (as of a person) in an upright position
Stature
34
A person ceases to increase in height after the age of _________.
Twenty-five (25)
35
The distance from the bottom of the feet to the top of the head in a human body, standing erect.
Stature
36
The growth of a person rarely exceeds _________ after the age of 18.
five centimeters (5cm)
37
The growth of a person rarely exceeds five centimeters after the age of _____________ .
Eighteen (18)
38
The rate of growth is variable but it is most active from ____________ years of age.
5 to 7 and from 13 to 16 years of age
39
Introduction of coloring pigments in the layers of the skin by multiple punctures.
TATTOO MARKS
40
Introduction composed of fibrous tissues which take place of the original tissues which have been injured or destroyed. They are devoid of specialized tissue so they do not contain pigment layers.
SCAR
41
An unusual and typically permanent brown or red mark on someone's body from birth.
Birthmark
42
Also known as nevi, are a common type of skin growth. They often appear as small, dark brown spots that are caused by clusters of pigment-forming cells called **melanocytes**.
Moles
43
A traditional practice of making identifying, decorative, or spiritual scars on a person's face or body, often by cutting or burning the skin during childhood
Tribal mark
44
WHAT ARE THE FIRST KNOWN METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION?
1. Tattoo marks
2. Scarification
45
A method adopted by tribes during ancient times signifying their clan and family. It is barely used as identification but purely for the purpose of ornamentation.
Tattoo Marks
##Footnote
It is NOT a reliable means of identification because it can be duplicated, changed or disfigured.
46
A means of identification by cutting or wounding some parts of the body that forms scars in time and forms pattern after healing which serves as identification
Scarification
47
Enumerate: Four (4) methods of Tattoo Removal
1. Excision
2. Dermabrasion
3. Laser
4. Salabrasion
48
8 show characteristic appearance such as
1. Surgical Operation
2. Burns and Scalds
3. Gunshot Wounds
4. Tuberculous Sinus
5. Gumma
6. Lupus
7. Wet Cupping
49
SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF IDENTIFICATIONASPECTS OF IDENTIFICATION REQUIRING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE:
a. Fingerprint
b. Identification of Skeleton
c. Dental Identification
d. Determination of Sex
e. Determination of Age
f. Identification of blood and blood stains
g. Identification of Hairs and Fibers
50
Father of Personal Identification
Alphonse Bertillon
51
A French criminologist, devised a scheme utilizing anthropometrical measurement of the human body as the basis of identification.
Alphonse Bertillon
52
(1890) the first scientific method of identification established by Alphonse Bertillon.
Anthropometry / Bertillonage
##Footnotes
It is done by measuring the bone structure of a person.
53
WHAT ARE THE BASIS OF THE BERTILLON SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION?
- The human skeleton is unchangeable after the twentieth (20) year. The thigh bone continues to grow somewhat after the period, but this is compensated by the curving of the spine which takes place at about the same age.
- No two human have bones exactly alike.
- Aid of simple instruments.
54
11 Body Measurements:
1. Length of left foot without shoe
2. Length of right ear
3. Width of right ear
4. Circumference of head
5. Circumference of right wrist
6. Length of left middle finger
7. Length of left little finger
8. Length from left elbow to end of middle finger
9. "Wingspan" measurement
10. Height
11. Length of trunk
55
Measurement of the tip of left middle finger to tip of right middle finger
Wingspan measurement
56
It means "speaking likeliness" (spoken picture)
PORTRAIT PARLE
57
A verbal, accurate and picturesque description of the person identified
PORTRAIT PARLE
58
The hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of a human
Human Skeleton
59
In determining the sex of the skeleton, the following must be studied:
➤ PELVIS
➤ FEMUR
➤ CRANIUM
➤ HUMERUS
➤ STERNUM
60
The bony structure inside hips, buttocks and pubic region. It has the seat that holds up your upper body when you sit, stand or walk.
PELVIS
##Footnotes
The hole in the middle part serves as the birth canal during vaginal delivery. Its anatomy can shift to accommodate childbirth
61
Male vs. Female Pelvis
Male - Narrow
Female - Wide
62
It is the **longest, strongest bone** in the body. It has a critical part on the ability to stand and move. This also supports lots of important muscles, tendons, ligaments and parts of circulatory system.
FEMUR
##Footnotes
The thigh bone.
63
Femur in Male and Female:
- Length:
- Robustness:
- Shape:
**Average Length**
Male femurs: longer than female femurs.
- Male femurs: 436.88 mm
- Female femurs: 402.38 mm
**Robustness**
- Male femurs are generally more robust than female femurs.
**Shape**
- The femoral head of a female femur is generally flatter than that of a male femur
- The lesser trochanter is also smaller in females, and the greater trochanter is positioned more laterally
64
The bones that form the head. It is made up of cranial bones (bones that surround and protect the brain) and facial bones (bones that form the eye sockets, nose, cheeks, jaw, and other parts of the face).
CRANIUM
##Footnotes
An opening at the base of the cranium is where the spinal cord connects to the brain.
65
Cranium in Male and Female:
- Size
- Forehead
- Orbits
- Jaw
- Size: Male skulls are typically larger than female skulls.
- Forehead: Female foreheads are more vertical, while male foreheads tend to slope back.
- Orbits: Female orbits are more rounded, while male orbits are squarer.
- Jaw: Male jaws are stronger and more square
66
The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow
HUMERUS
##Footnotes
Length: The average length of the humerus in males is *longer* than in females:
67
The breastbone. It is a flat, vertical bone at the center of your chest that protects the organs and muscles. It connects to other bones and muscles and forms part of the ribcage, which protects the heart and lungs.
STERNUM
## FOOTNOTES
The sternum, or breastbone, of males is typically longer and broader than that of females:
**Length**:
- Male sternum is 154.1 mm
- Female sternum is 133.1 mm.
68
DENTAL IDENTIFICATION (FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY)
- The possibility of two people having the same dentition is quite remote.
- An adult has _____ teeth and each tooth has _____ surfaces.
- Some of the teeth may be missing, carious, with filling materials, and with abnormality in shape and other peculiarities.
- This will lead to several combinations with almost infinite number of dental characteristics.
1. 32 teeth
2. Five surfaces
69
It is the hardest substance of the human body.
The **ENAMEL** of the teeth
## Footnotes
It may outlast all other tissues during putrefaction or physical destruction.
70
It was promulgated, requiring practitioners of dentistry to keep records of their patients
Presidential Decree No. 1575
71
What is the purpose of PD 1575?
In order to make an accurate **dental record** available for purposes of *comparison* with that of the person to be identified
72
Who must keep a record of the dentition (teeth) of all patients?
Dentists
73
The dental records should include a _________________ of the patient's dentition and the ___________ performed.
1. History and Description
2. Treatments
74
After _________ years from the last entry, dental practitioners must *turn over* the dental records of their patients to the **National Bureau of Investigation** for record-keeping purposes.
Every After Ten (10) years
75
Are Dentists allowed to *retain copies* of the records for their own files?
Yes.
76
WHAT ARE THE FIVE SURFACES OF THE TOOTH?
1. MESIAL-The forward side of the tooth.
2. OCCLUSAL- The chewing surface of the tooth.
3. BUCCAL (FACIAL) - The cheek-side of the tooth.
4. LINGUAL-The part of the tooth that is closest to the tongue.
5. DISTAL-The back side of the tooth.
77
True or False: The **teeth** gives evidence as to the *age* of the individual, his general facts characteristics, his economic status, sometimes his occupation.
True.
##FOOTNOTES
This is not infrequently positive identification of the individual.
78
Until the age of about ___________ years, an examination of teeth alone gives an **accurate index of the age** of the individual.
Twenty-five (25) years old
79
The roots of the Third Molars will be completely formed by the age of _________ years old.
Twenty-five (25) years old
80
Marks caused by the teeth either alone or in combination with other mouth parts.
BITE MARKS
##Footnotes
During sexual attacks, including sexual homicide, rape and child sexual abuse, bite marks are clustered around *parts of the body* associated with sexuality
81
Landmark Case for Dental Identification or Forensic Odontology
Ted Bundy's Case
##Footnotes
Forensic experts obtaining serial killer *Ted Bundy's dental impressions* which will later play a very key role in his prosecution
82
The detection, classification, and study of various *bodily fluids* such as blood, semen, fecal matter.
Forensic Serology
83
The application of genetic testing for legal purposes.
Forensic DNA Analysis
84
DNA- stands for chemical unit that makes up chromosomes
"Deoxyribonucleic Acid"
85
Who is the Father of DNA Analysis?
Sir Alec John Jeffreys
##Footnotes
- A British geneticist known for developing techniques for genetic fingerprinting and DNA profiling
- At the University of Leiceste
86
The process of *determining* an individual's deoxyribonucleic acid characteristics that can be used to *identify individuals* on the basis of their unique genetic makeup or profile.
DNA FINGERPRINTING
##Footnotes
Also known as "forensic genetics”
87
A forensic technique in criminal investigations, *comparing* criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence to assess the *likelihood* of their involvement in the crime.
DNA PROFILING
88
A *genetic information* derived from DNA testing or profiling of a biological sample obtained from a person whose biological sample is clearly identifiable as originating from that person
DNA PROFILE
89
Landmark Case for DNA Analysis.
Supreme Court of the Philippines: **People vs. Vallejo**
(G.R. No. 144656, 09 May 2002)
##Footnotes
- The Court admitted DNA analysis as part of circumstantial evidence in affirming the death penalty of the accused of a rape-slay of a nine-years-old girl.
- The DNA Profile of the vaginal swabs taken from the victim matched the DNA profile of the accused.
90
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF TEST TO DETERMINE SEX?
1. Social test
2. Genital test
3. Gonadal test
4. Chromosomal test
91
A test in determining sex of a person through *dress, hairstyle, general bodily shape* provide an immediate and accurate answer to the vast majority of cases
Social Test
92
A test in determining sex of a person through the presence of *penis* for male and *vaginal opening* indicates a female
Genital Test
93
A test in determining sex of a person through the presence of testes in male and ovaries in females.
Gonadal Test
94
A test in determining sex of a person through Two X chromosomes indicate female sex, whereas the presence of a Y chromosome indicates male sex
Chromosomal Test
95
HOW CAN YOU DETERMINE AGE?
1. Growth of pubic hair, beard and mustache:
- Pubic Hair: 13 (Female) 14 (Male)
- Mustache and Beard: 16-18 (Male)
- Changes of the breast: 13-14(Female)
2. Development voice: 16 to 18 (Both)
3. Changes in color of the hair: 40 (Gray) 50 in Pubic Hair (Gray)
4. Wrinkles: 40
5. Menstruation in women: 12 (Warm Countries)
96
LIGHT AS A FACTOR IN IDENTIFICATION
Experiments have shown that the best known person cannot be recognized by the:
1. Clearest moonlight- distance of 16 to 17 yards
2. Starlight distance- any further than 10 to 13 yards
3. Broad daylight- at a distance farther than 100 yards (never been seen before); at a distance of 25 yards (almost strangers)
4. Flash of a caliber 22 firearm- at a distance of 2 feet it is hardly possible; a person's eye is focused towards the individual to be identified during the flash
5. Artificial light- relative to the kind and intensity of the light
97
Is the *reproduction* of some smooth surface of the pattern or design formed by the *ridges and furrows* on the inside of the end joint of the fingers and the thumb, through the *medium of the ink* or any substance capable of producing visibility.
Fingerprint as an Impression
98
Is the identification of a person by means of the ridges appearing on the fingers, on the palms and on the soles of the feet.
Fingerprint as a Science
99
The era of earliest use of fingerprints in ancient China, a common practice for the Chinese to use inked fingerprints on official documents and business transaction.
T'ang Dynasty
100
They likewise used fingerprints for identification purposes to establish identity in courts litigation over disputed business dealings.
China (T'ang Dynasty)
101
In China fingerprint is called __________. The value of fingerprints for purposes of identification was found on a Chinese **clay seal** made not later than the 3rd century B.C.
"Hua Chỉ"
102
In China (Hua Chỉ), the arches and whorl were called as _____ (snail) and loops are ______ (winnowing basket).
- **LO**- Arches and Whorl (snail)
- **KI**- Loops (winnowing basket)
103
The First Country that used fingerprint as recognized by many authorities.
China
104
The first Chinese ruler who devised a seal carved fingerprint from the white jade.
Emperor Tein Shi
##Footnotes
- Side- name of the owner
- Others side- thumb mark of the destitute.
105
In Japan, deeds, dotes, and certificates to be used as proofs were sealed by the mark of the hand called "____________."
Tegata (Palm-print)
106
An English engraver, author, and naturalist engraved the patterns of his own fingers on every wood-work he had finished to serve as his mark so as to establish its genuineness.
Thomas Bewick (In England)
107
He describes the *ridges and pores* of the hands and feet (Philosophical Transaction) presented in Royal Society of London, England.
NEHEMIAH GREW (1684)
108
He has worked on the *sweat pores and ridges* and pubished "Anatomia Humanis Corporis".
GOVARD BIDLOO
109
He was a Professor at the University of Bolognia, Italy, known for his *discovery of the Epidermis and Dermis layer*. Written the book entitled "De Externo Tactus Organo".
MARCELO MALPIGHI (1628-1694)
110
He is the Grandfather of Dactyloscopy.
MARCELO MALPIGHI (1628-1694)
111
MARCELO MALPIGHI according to _____________, was noted for the discovery of Dermis and Epidermis.
Edmond Locard
##Footnotes
- MALPIGHI LAYER- approximately **1.8mm** thick
112
The one who is first to state that fingerprints are never duplicated in two persons.
J.C.A. MAYER (1788)
113
He established a certain role for classification and was able to identify *nine (9) types of pattern* although never associated to identification.
JOHANNES PURKENJIE (1823)
##Footnotes
He was a professor at the University of Breslau, Germany.
114
Who is the Father of Dactyloscopy?
JOHANNES PURKENJIE (1823)
115
He was the first to advocate the use of fingerprints as a substitute for signature from among Indian native to avoid impersonation.
WILLIAM HERSCHEL
116
He is the "Father of Chiroscopy".
WILLIAM HERSCHEL
117
He carried out experiments spanning over 50 years which established the "Principle of Persistency".
WILLIAM HERSCHEL
118
The first person whose palm was printed by Herschel.
RAJADHAR KONAI
119
Took his own fingerprints twice with a lapse of *forty-one years* and showed the ridge formation remains the same. (Principle of Constancy)
HERMAN WELCKER
120
A surgeoon at Tsukuji Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, who claimed that latent prints would provide positive identification of offenders once apprehended (A Manual of Practical of Practical Dactyloscopy).
HENRY FAULDS
121
He developed the Arch, Loop and Whorl Patterns as general classification and identified Nine (9) types of pattern.
FRANCIS GALTON
##Footnotes
- First to establish a Civil Bureau of Personal Identification.
- He said that the possibility of two prints being alike was 1:64,000,000,000.
122
Who is the Grandfather of Fingerprinting?
HENRY FAULDS
123
He developed a system on his own, which included 1,024 primary classification.
SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY (July 1896)
124
In 1901, Henry was then transferred to England, where he began training investigators to use the Henry Classification system after founding the ___________________.
Scotland Yards Central Fingerprint Bureau
125
A geologist in New Mexico, adopted the first individual use of fingerprint in august 8, 1882 as a protection to prevent tampering with the pay order.
GILBERT THOMPSON
126
A photographer in San Francisco who advocated the use of the Henry system for the registration of the immigrant Chinese.
ISAIAH WEST TABOR
127
An English man who informally introduced Dactyloscopy in the United States in his book "Life in the Mississippi" and "Pupp n Head Wilson".
SAMUEL LANGHORNE CLEMENS
128
He utilized the first Municipal Civil use of fingerprint for Criminal Registration in December 1902 (Mun. Civil Service Comm., New York).
DR. HENRY P DE FOREST
129
The First private school to install laboratories for instruction purposes in Dactyloscopy.
INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCE
130
Advocate the first state and penal use of fingerprint adopted in Sing Sing prison on June 5,1903 later on Auburn Napanoch and Clinton Penitentiaries.
CAPT. JAMES L. PARKE
131
First fingerprint instructor at St. Louis Police Dept. Missouri.
SGT. JOHN KENNETH FERRIER
132
Warden of the Federal Penitentiaries of Leaven Worth. Established the first official National Government use of fingerpprint.
MAJ. R. MC CLOUGHRY
133
First American instructress in dactyloscopy
MARY K. HOLAND
134
First private school to install laboratories for instruction purposes in Dactyloscopy.
INSTITUTE OF APPLIED SCIENCE
135
BUREAU OF PRISON used fingerprint in the ___________. (1968)
CARPETAS
136
One who first taught Fingerprinting in the Philippines. (1900)
MR. JONES
137
The first Filipina Fingerprint Technician
ISABELA BERNALES
138
First Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by P.C.
GENEROSO REYES
139
The New York Police Dept. FBI Washington (Capt. Thomas DUGAN and Flaviano GUERRERO) gave the first examination in FP in 1927 and ______________ of the Philippines Top the Examination.
AGUSTIN PATRICIO
140
Now known as Philippine College of Criminology, the first government recognized school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and other Police Sciences.
PLARIDEL EDUCATION INSTITUTE (PEI)
141
The first Filipina Chop-chop lady who was identified through fingerprint
LUCILA LALU
142
WHO ESTABLISHED THE THREE DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT?
1. Individuality/ Variation/ Uniqueness- Sir Francis Galton
2. Constancy or Permanency/ Immutability- Herman Welcker
3. Infallibility- Henry Faulds
143
Principle that states that No two persons have the same fingerprint (based on Statistic Probability)
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY/ VARIATION/ UNIQUENESS
144
He states that there are no two fingerprints that are exactly alike." except if two fingerprints were taken from the same finger and the same person.
J.C.A MEYER
145
What does Minutiae or Galton's details say about fingerprint?
Galton concluded the theory that the chance of two people to possess identical fingerprints is 1:64 Billion persons
146
This principle states that fingerprints are unchanging or constant from birth until the decomposition of the body of the person.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY/ PERSISTENCY/ PERMANENCY/ IMMUTABILITY
147
That the friction ridge once fully developed will remain the same throughout man's life.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY/ PERSISTENCY/ PERMANENCY/ IMMUTABILITY
148
"From Womb to Tomb" principle.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY/ PERSISTENCY/ PERMANENCY/ IMMUTABILITY
149
Another term used for the Principle of Permanency:
PRINCIPLE OF:
- CONSTANCY
- PERSISTENCY
- PERMANENCY
- IMMUTABILITY
150
This principle emphasized that fingerprint cannot be easily forged
INFALLIBILITY
151
What Princle states that fingerprint is a reliable means of personal identification and all courts accept and adopt fingerprint as a means of personal identification
INFALLIBILITY
152
This principle states that Fingerprint is an unerring/ reliable form as an evidence
INFALLIBILITY
153
Who are the people who made some attempts to destroy ridges?
- John Dillinger
- Robert (ROSCOE) James Pitts
- Edmond Locard & Witkowsji
154
A known criminal who tried to efface his fingerprint by burning them with acid.
JOHN DILLINGER
155
He is known as "Man without fingerprint" tried to elude arrest by removing the friction ridge through incision.
ROBERT (ROSCOE) JAMES PITTS
156
Performed painful experiments on themselves by burning their fingertips with boiling water and oil with hot metals to find out whether it can destroy the ridges of a finger
Edmond Locard & Witkowsji
157
Is the practical application of the science of fingerprints. The identification of a person through the examination and comparison of fingerprints.
DACTYLOSCOPY
##footnotes
Latin words:
- Dactyl- finger
- Skopien- to study or examine
Greek words:
- Dactylos- Finger
- Skopien- Study
158
Is the scientific study of fingerprint as a means of identification of the classification of fingerprints.
DACTYLOGRAPHY
159
It is the scientific study of fingerprint for purposes of personality interpretation.
DACTYLOMANCY
160
It is the science which deals with the study of skin patterns.
DERMATOGLYPHICS
##footnotes
Greek words:
- Derma which means Skin
- Glype which means Carve.
161
ENUMERATE: RELATED SCIENCES/BRANCHES OF DACTYLOSCOPY
1. CHIROSCOPY
2. PODOSCOPY
3. POROSCOPY
4. EDGEOSCOPY
5. RIDGEOLOGY
162
What do you call the science of palm print identification?
CHIROSCOPY
##footnotes
Derived from Greek words:
- Cheir- means "a hand"
- Skopien-means "to examine."
163
Who is considered as the "Father of Chiroscopy"
WILLIAM HERSCHEL
164
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT PATTERN ZONES OF PALM PRINT?
1. THENAR ZONE- the base of the thumb.
2. HYPO THENAR ZONE- the base of the little finger.
3. PALMAR ZONE- base of the four fingers.
4. CARPAL DELTA ZONE- near the wrist.
165
Some other terms used in the study of palm
1. DISTAL means towards the fingertips
2. PROXIMAL means towards the wrist
3. RADIAL flowing towards the radius bone or thumb side
4. ULNAR flowing towards ulnar bone where the little finger rests.
166
What is the scientific study of footprints and footwear identification?
PODOSCOPY
##FOOTNOTES
Derived from two Greek words:
- Podo- means "the foot"
- Skopien - means "to examine."
167
IDENTIFY AND LOCATE THE DIFFERENT PATTERN ZONES OF FOOTPRINT.
1. BALL ZONE -base of the big toe
2. PLANTAR ZONE-space below the base of the 4 little toes besides the ball zone
3. CALCAR ZONE is the area located at the heel
4. TIBIAL ZONE-side of the foot where the big toe is located
5. FIBULAR ZONE-situated on the little toe side of the foot just below the plantar zone
6. TREAD AREA-includes that portion of the foot lying between the ball-plantar zone and calcar zone
- "The fibular and tibial zones are found within the tread area.
168
Study of the pore structure for the purpose of identification.
POROSCOPY
##footnotes
Derived from the Greek words:
1. poros-means "a pore"
2. skopein-means "to examine
169
Who is considered the "Father of Poroscopy"?
Edmond Locard
170
A condition where there is more than the regular number of finger.
POLYDACTYL
171
A condition where fingers are enlarged (overgrowth).
MACRODACTYL
172
A condition where fingers are abnormally short.
BRACHYDACTYLY
173
A condition where fingers are missing or malformed at birth.
ECTODACTYL (lobster claw)
174
A condition where there is a side fusion of fingers.
SYNDACTYL
175
A condition where the finger cannot be bent.
ANKYLOSIS
176
A condition where the fingers cannot be stretched.
ORTHODACTYL
177
It is the largest organ of the body and part of the Integumentary System.
SKIN
178
What is the average weight and width of human skin?
- Weight- about **4.5 to 5kg** (average built adult male)
- Width- approximately **two (2) square meters**
179
It is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal's body.
Integumentary system
180
It comprises the skin and its appendages, which act as a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain the body of an animal.
Integumentary system
181
WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF SKIN?
1. EPIDERMAL LAYER (EPIDERMIS)- the outer layer
2. DERMAL PAPILLAE (DERMIS)- The inner layer of the skin. It is where the dermal papillae are found.
3. SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER (HYPODERMIS/ FAT)- The innermost layer of skin
182
It is the outer layer of the skin.
EPIDERMAL LAYER (EPIDERMIS)
183
Sub-layers of Epidermis:
a) Stratum Corneum - also known as corneus layer.
b) Stratum Mucosum - also known as transparent layer.
c) Stratum lucidum- also known as granucar layer.
d) Stratum granulosum- consists of 3-4 layers
e) Stratum spinosum - also called Malpighian layer.
f) Stratum Basale-also called Generating Layer.
184
The inner layer of the skin contains blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae are found.
DERMAL PAPILLAE (DERMIS)
185
The innermost layer of skin that also contains blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves and fat lobules (a rounded division or projection of an organ or part in the body, especially in the lungs, brain, or liver)
SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER (HYPODERMIS/ FAT)
186
WHAT COMPOSES THE STRUCTURE OF SWEAT PRODUCER?
1. SWEAT PORES (Islands)
2. SWEAT DUCT
3. SWEAT GLANDS
187
These are sometimes called as islands which are small opening found on skin and appear white on plain impression.
SWEAT PORES
188
This is a long-host-like structure that serves as the passage way for the sweat.
SWEAT DUCT
189
This produces sweat/ perspiration that travels to the duct through out the pores.
SWEAT GLANDS
190
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF SWEAT GLANDS?
1. ECCRINE GLAND
2. APPOCRINE GLAND
3. LACRIMAL GLANDS
4. SEBACEOUS GLANDS
191
The only sweat glands that can be found on the palms and soles.
ECCRINE GLAND
192
Sweat gland found on the pubic, mammary and anal areas. It produces fat for milks.
APPOCRINE GLAND
193
These glands produce tears.
LACRIMAL GLANDS
194
A Sweat gland that is located at the forehead, chest, back and abdomen. It produces oil and fats.
SEBACEOUS GLANDS
195
A rare genetic disorder in which the friction skin ridge units do not fuse together to form continuously flowing friction ridges.
Friction Ridge Dysplasia
196
A rare malformation consisting of congenital absence of epidermal ridges over the entire palmar and plantar surfaces.
Friction Ridge Aplasia
197
A condition wherein ridges are not absent but are reduced in height.
Friction Ridge Hypolasia
198
Is the epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral/ lower surface of the hands and feet covered with minute ridges and furrows.
FRICTION SKIN
199
This is where fingerprints are formed.
FRICTION SKIN
200
Friction skin is also known as:
- Papillary skin
- Epidermal skin
- Volar skin (Biologist)
201
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE FRICTION SKIN?
1. RIDGES
2. FURROWS
202
These are hill-like, elevated, appear as black lines with tiny white dots called pores in an inked impression.
RIDGES
203
The canal-like, depressed portions found between the ridges which appear white lines.
FURROWS
204
Ridges start to form in the fingers and thumb during the ___________ months of the fetus life.
3rd to 4th months of the fetus life
205
These are irregular pegs composed of delicate connective tissue protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and soles of the feet
Dermal Papillae
206
Damage in the friction skin can be temporary or permanent. Such permanency in the damage may cause scar or termed as "_________"
Sicatriz
##Footnotes
- Epidermis- Temporary scar/ With less than 1mm.
- Dermis- Permanent scar/ Cut with a depth of more than 1 mm.
207
What are the two methods of producing impressions?
1. Rolled Impressions
2. Plain Impressions
208
Impressions that require that all fingers be rolled away from the body except the thumb.
Rolled Impressions
209
Impressions which are taken simultaneously on the fingerprint card.
Plain Impressions
210
It is also known as "MINUTIAE" OR "GALTON DETAILS".
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
211
Refers to the details of ridge structures, formations and elements which impart individuality to each print.
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
212
Minute or tiny details in the ridges of fingerprint patterns which are used in comparing and identifying fingerprints
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
213
WHAT ARE THE BASIC TYPES OF RIDGE GALTON'S DETAIL?
1. Bifurcation
2. Ending Ridge
3. Dot
214
Refers to a ridge formation in the form of a dot or period.
RIDGE DOT (ISLAND RIDGE)
215
A ridge formation in which a single ridge splits or divides into two or more ridges. It resembles a fork shape.
BIFURCATION
216
Two ridges that meet at a certain point
CONVERGING RIDGE
217
Two ridges that spread apart.
DIVERGING RIDGE
218
A single ridge that divides into two but does not remain open and meets at a certain point to form the original single ridge.
ENCLOSURE OR LAKE RIDGE
219
It refers to an abrupt end of a ridge.
ENDING RIDGE
220
A diverging ridge that tends to surround the pattern area and serves as a basic boundary of fingerprint impression.
TYPE LINES
221
A part of a loop of whorl pattern surrounded by the type lines and consisting of the delta, the core and other ridges.
PATTERN AREA
222
A single ridge that curves back to the direction where it started.
RECURVING RIDGE
223
A recurving ridge which is complete with its shoulder and free from any appendage.
SUFFICIENT RECURVE
224
A short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve.
APPENDAGE
225
A short or long ridge found inside the recurve and directed towards the core
ROD OR BAR
226
A short ridge found inside the recurve which blocks the inner line of flow towards the core (short horizontal ridge).
OBSTRUCTION RIDGE
227
A friction ridge that divides into three friction ridges.
TRIFURCATING RIDGES
228
Are two bifurcations located at both ends of a single ridge.
OPPOSED BIFURCATION
229
A bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
SPUR OR HOOK RIDGE
230
A kind of ridge that appears curly, irregular in appearance and growth ceases at several ends.
PUCKERING RIDGE
231
A short ridge that spoils the sufficiency of a recurve located at the top or summit of a recurve usually at right angle.
APPENDAGE OR ABUTMENT
232
A single recurving ridge on the center of the pattern area. It can be located along the looping ridges
STAPLE
233
A ridge that connects at least two ridges. It must have crossed and connected two ridges. (rail-way)
BRIDGE RIDGE
234
Are two ridges of the fingerprint cross, forming an X pattern.
RIDGE CROSSING OR CROSSOVER
235
A ridge of extremely short in length not more than 3 millimeters.
FRAGMENT
236
Any dot or point that can be observed inside a fingerprint pattern.
DOT RIDGE
237
A single recurving ridge enclosing one or more bars, short or dot ridge.
ENVELOP
238
These ridges are NOT counted because they are only the result of dirt, dirty fingerprint paraphernalia and other factors, found between two well formed ridges.
INCIPIENT RIDGES (OR NASCENT RIDGES)
239
These ridges are NOT counted as it appears like patches and has no well defined pattern.
DISSOCIATED RIDGES
240
Is a part of the fingerprint which lies within the area surrounded by the type lines, where core and delta are located.
Pattern area
241
Are the two innermost ridges that start parallel, diverge, surround or tend to surround the pattern area.
Typelines
242
When there is a definite break in a type line, the ridge immediately _____________ of it is considered as its continuation.
outside
243
WHAT ARE THE TWO FINGERPRINT TERMINUS. ALSO KNOWN AS THE FOCAL POINTS.
1. The DELTA (also called the outer terminus)
2. The CORE (also known as the heart/ the inner terminus)
244
Also called the outer terminus; is a point along a ridge formation found at the center or near the center of the diverging type lines.
DELTA
245
Also known as the heart or the inner terminus usually found at the center or innermost recurve.
CORE
246
ENUMERATE THE SIX DELTA FORMATIONS.
1. Bifurcation
2. Dot
3. Meeting of two ridges
4. Looping ridge (where no other choice of delta)
5. Ending ridge
6. Starting ridge
247
When two or more possible deltas which conform to the definition, the delta ____________________ is chosen.
NEAREST TO THE CORE
248
When there is a choice between bifurcation and another type of delta, ________________ is selected as delta.
THE BIFURCATION
249
When there is a choice between two possible deltas, neither of which is a bifurcation, and when both are in the vicinity of the divergence of the type lines, the delta _______________________ is selected.
NEAREST THE CENTER OF DIVERGENCE
250
When a single ridge enters a pattern area with two or more bifurcation which is _______________ BECOMES DELTA.
CLOSER TO THE CORE
251
When a ridge runs half way between the type lines and pattern area, the delta is placed on the _________________.
END OF THE RIDGE NEAREST TO THE CORE
252
When a ridge runs entirely within a pattern area, the delta is placed on the ______________________.
END NEAREST THE POINT OF DIVERGENCE OF THE TYPE LINES
253
When a ridge enters the pattern area from a point below the divergence of the type lines the delta is placed ________________.
ON THE END NEAREST TO THE CORE
254
If there is no visible ridge that may be chosen as delta, ________________ or ______________ maybe chosen as the delta.
The looping ridge or whorl ridge in front of the area of divergence
255
When the innermost loop contains no ending ridge or rod rising as high as the shoulder of the loop, the core is placed on the __________________.
Shoulder of the loop farther from the delta
256
If there is one rod within the recurving ridge is as high as the shoulder, the core is placed on the _______________.
Tip of the rod
257
If there are two rods within the recurving ridge which rise to the shoulders at the different heights, the core is placed on the _____________.
Higher tip
258
If the two rods within the innermost recurving ridge have the same heights, the core is placed on the ______________________.
Tip of the rod farther from the delta
259
If there are three or uneven numbers of rods within the recurving ridge, the core is placed on the _____________.
Center rod
##Footnotes
Even if it:
- does not rise as high as the shoulders of the recurving ridge
- whether it touches the looping ridge or not.
260
If there are four or even numbers of rods within the recurving ridge the two innermost rods are considered as one, as if an imaginary curve joined the tips of the rods and the core is placed on the ________________.
Two imaginary shoulders farther from the delta
261
Any ______________ abutting upon the outside of the recurve at a right angle *automatically destroys* the ridge for the use as a core or ridge count.
Appendages
262
When two loops, side by side are present within one recurving ridge, the two loops are considered as one and the core is placed on the _____________________.
Inner shoulder of the loop farthest from the delta.
263
When two loops are interlocking, the loops are considered as one, if an imaginary line is drawn between the shoulders of both loops crossed. The core is placed at this point.
Point of interlocking
264
The core cannot be placed on a recurving ridge having an appendage. If the innermost loop has an appendage on the outside of the recurve at a right angle between the shoulders, ___________________ is considered for placing the core.
The next outside
265
Is the process of counting the ridges that touch or cross an imaginary line drawn between the core and the delta of a loop pattern.
RIDGE COUNTING
266
How many ridge count does Envelope and a Trifurcation have?
3 RIDGE COUNT
267
An island/ lake/ eye, and enclosure, criss-crossing of ridges Bifurcation, Converging ridge have ______________ridge count.
2 RIDGE COUNT
268
A short ridge, long ridge, dot ridge, an abrupt ending of ridges is given ____________ ridge count Ridge that bifurcates.
1 RIDGE COUNT
269
How is PLAIN WHORL OR CENTRAL POCKET LOOP WHORL ridge counted?
Treated as an ulnar loop.
270
A DOUBLE LOOP WHORL must be ridge counted from _____________.
To an upright loop
271
ACCIDENTAL WHORL must be ridge counted from the ____________.
- Extreme corresponding delta to the nearest core
- Least number of ridge count will be used
272
The process of tracing the ridges intervening between the tracing ridge (flows from the left delta to the right delta) and the right delta.
RIDGE TRACING
273
In a whorl pattern, look for the ______ delta and trace towards the front of the _______ delta.
**Left delta** towards **Right delta**
274
When the ridge being traced abruptly ends, drop to the _________________ ridge and continue the tracing until it reaches the point nearest to the right delta.
Next ridge BELOW the original tracing
275
When the left delta is a dot, the same procedure: look for the ______ delta and trace towards the front of the ______ delta.
**Left delta** towards **Right delta**
276
When the ridge that is being traced is a bifurcation, always follow the __________ branch until tracing is completed.
Lower branch
277
Determine whether the tracing ridge flows inside (_______) or outside (_______) the right delta.
Above or Below the right delta
278
Draw ___________ between the tracing ridge (refers to the left delta that was moved towards the right delta) and the right delta and count the intervening ridge that touch or cross it.
Imaginary line
279
Exclude the _______ and ________ when counting the intervening ridges.
Tracing ridge and Deltas
280
WHAT ARE THE THREE (3) TYPES OF WHORL TRACING?
1. INNER WHORL (I)
2. OUTER WHORL (O)
3. MEETING WHORL (M)
281
Ridgetracing of whorl when the result is 3 or more ridge count above or inside the right delta.
INNER WHORL (I)
282
Ridge tracing of whorl when the result is 3 or more ridge count below or outside the right delta.
OUTER WHORL (O)
283
Ridge tracing when the ridge count is 0, 1, 2 either below or above the right delta.
MEETING WHORL (M)
284
285
WHAT ARE THE GENERAL/ FAMILY OF FINGERPRINT PATTERNS?
1. LOOP (60%)
2. WHORL (35%)
3. ARCH (5%)
286
WHAT ARE THE STANDARD FINGERPRINT PATTERN (Galton-Henry System with FBI Modification and Extension)
1. LOOP (60%)
- ULNAR LOOP (94%)
- RADIAL LOOP (6%)
2. WHORL (35%)
- PLAIN WHORL (71%)
- CENTRAL POCKET LOOP (13%)
- DOUBLE LOOP (13%)
- ACCIDENTAL LOOP (3%)
3. ARCH (5%)
- PLAIN ARCH (60%)
- TENTED ARCH (40%)
287
Refers to a pattern in which one or more of the ridges start at one side of the pattern, run toward the upper comer an the opposite side, then recurve and start back toward the side from which they came originally, forming a delta at the end of the pattern area and a loop with a core in the center
LOOP
288
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF LOOP?
1. CORE
2. DELTA
3. SUFFICIENT RECURVE
4. AT LEAST ONE RIDGE COUNT
289
WHAT ARE THE TWO STANDARD LOOP PATTERN?
A. RADIAL LOOP (RH=/. LH=\)
B. ULNAR LOOP (RH=\, LH=/)
290
Is a type of loop pattern in which the slanting or looping ridge flows towards the thumb finger.
RADIAL LOOP (Radius Bone)
291
Is a type of loop pattern in which the slanting or looping ridge flows towards the little finger.
ULNAR LOOP (Ulnar Bone)
292
What kind of pattern is this: RH=\, LH=/
Ulnar Loop
293
What kind of pattern is this: RH=/. LH=\
Radial Loop
294
Ridges that make a turn through at least one circuit.
WHORL
295
BASIC ELEMENTS OF WHORL:
1. Two or more Deltas
2. At least one complete circuiting ridge
296
Any fingerprint pattern which contains 2 or more deltas.
Whorl
297
At least one circuiting ridge is touched or crossed by the imaginary line traversing between the two deltas.
PLAIN WHORL (W)
298
No circuiting ridge within the pattern area is touched or crossed by an imaginary line drawn between the two deltas.
CENTRAL POCKET LOOP WHORL (W)
299
Elements are:
1. Two separate loop formations
2. Two Separate and distinct shoulder
3. Two deltas or more deltas
DOUBLE LOOP WHORL (W)
300
Elements are:
1. A combination of two different patterns with the exception of the plain arch.
2. Two deltas or more deltas
ACCIDENTAL WHORL (W)
301
The ridges run from one side to the other of the pattern, making no backward turn. There is ordinarily no delta, but where there is the appearance of a delta, no recurving ridge must intervene between the core and delta points.
ARCH
302
A pattern in which the ridges flow from one side to the other side with a slight raise at the center.
PLAIN ARCH (A)
303
A type of pattern having either an angle, uptrust or an incomplete loop form
TENTED ARCH (T)
304
What is the simplest of all patterns.
PLAIN ARCH (A)
305
WHAT ARE THE KINDS OF TENTED ARCH?
1. ANGLE TYPE- a short vertical ridge forming an angle of 90 degrees or less.
2. UPTRUST- a horizontal ridge that makes a sufficient rise at the center
3. INCOMPLETE LOOP- similar to a loop with missing one or two elements
306
What kind of tented arch has a short vertical ridge forming an angle of 90 degrees or less?
UPTRUST
307
What kind of tented arch has a horizontal ridge that makes a sufficient rise at the center?
UPTRUST
308
This tented arch is similar to a loop with missing one or two elements.
INCOMPLETE LOOP
309
A metallic or glass plate where the ink is spread for purpose.
INK SLAB
310
A rubber made roller designed to spread the ink.
INK ROLLER
311
Ink used for taking fingerprint
FINGERPRINT INK
312
This is designed for lifting of fingerprints which are developed with fingerprint powder.
LIFTING TAPE
313
What is the size of the FINGERPRINT CARD used for recording fingerprint.
8”x8” card
314
It is placed in a flat table designed to prevent the movement of the card in the course of the taking of fingerprint.
CARD HOLDER
315
Used to preserve developed latent print.
LATENT PRINT TRANSFER CARD
316
Used to avoid the card for post-mortem fingerprint.
FINGERPRINT STRIP HOLDER
317
The pressure on the fingers while rolling, should be ______ and _______. Too much pressure, or uneven pressure, causes distortion of the print.
Light and Even
318
As each finger is completely rolled, it must be lifted with a _______ and ________ movement from the card. A slow, dragging movement may cause a smeared impression.
Quick, Upward
319
Thumb fingers are rolled __________ while other fingers are rolled _____________.
Thumb fingers are rolled *towards the body* while other fingers are rolled *away from the body*.
320
THE RECOMMENDED HEIGHT for recording legible fingerprints is approximately _________ inches from the floor.
39 inches from the floor
321
It is found to be adequate for receiving five rolled impressions across the card the size convenient for handling and filing.
STANDARD EIGHT BY EIGHT INCHES FINGERPRINT CARD
322
It is most commonly used for taking fingerprint impressions.
BLACK PRINTERS INK
323
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF FINGERPRINT IMPRESSIONS?
- ROLLED IMPRESSION
- PLAIN IMPRESSION
324
Fingerprint impressions taken individually by rolling each finger from one side to the other side and from the tip to the end of the first joint.
ROLLED IMPRESSION
325
Impressions made by simultaneously pressing the finger to the card, use as a reference to classification.
PLAIN IMPRESSION
326
NAME SOME OF THE DIFFERENT FINGERPRINT SYSTEMS:
1. Gasti System of italy,
2. Pateer System of Holland
3. Vuccetich System of Argentina, and some other systems used by other countries
4. Henry System, NBI and FBI System with Modification and Extension
327
What fingerprint system is used by the Philippines and by all English-speaking countries of the world?
Henry System, NBI and FBI System with Modification and Extension
328
There are ____________ Classification Systems in the World.
more than 50
329
It is a numerical description of a set of fingerprints which is composed of figures and letters written above the horizontal line.
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
330
It is the result of evaluation and interpretation of the 10 fingerprints. applying the principle of ridge counting and ridge tracing.
CLASSIFICATION FORMULA
331
FORMATION IN THE CLASSIFICATION LINE:
K M P S SS F / M P S SS F
332
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN CLASSIFYING FINGERPRINTS?
1. Recording
2. Interpretation
3. Blocking
4. Classification
333
Simply means the taking of fingerprint impressions, either rolled or plain impression.
Recording
334
Simply means the naming or interpreting of a fingerprint pattern. Loop (radial or ulnar), Arch (plain or tented) or whorl (plain whorl, central pocket loop whorl, double loop whorl or accidental whorl).
Interpretation
335
It means designating by symbol the type of patterns which each finger and thumb bears and recording for each respective finger and thumb.
Blocking
336
This refers to the classification proper this time you need a complete set of ten (10) fingerprint patterns to obtain the necessary classification.
Classification
337
ALL OTHER FINGERS - small letters should be placed for every pattern except the ____________ and ____________.
Ulnar loop and the Whorl
338
In INDEX FINGERS, Capital letters should be placed for every pattern except the _____________.
Ulnar loop
339
True or false: WHORLS in any finger are designated by the letter "W"
True
340
ULNAR LOOPS in any finger are designated by a _____________ slanting in the direction of the loop.
Diagonal line
341
It is the summation of all numerical values assigned to Whorls appearing in the fingerprint chart which are numerators and denominators plus the established fraction of 1/1.
PRIMARY DIVISION/ CLASSIFICATION
##footnotes
Whorl patterns are always represented by numerical values.
342
Represented by Capital and small letter combinations based on interpretation made during the blocking.
SECONDARY DIVISION/ CLASSIFICATION
343
In the secondary division, the capital letter is derived from the __________ (both numerator and denominator) which can be (A, T. R. U, W, C. D or X)
Index fingers
344
In secondary division, Small letter derived from the thumb, middle, ring and little fingers. (both numerator and denominator) which can be __________, _______, and _________ patterns.
- Radial loop (r)
- Plain arch (a)
- tented arch (t)
345
In secondary division, _________ indicates absence of RAT patterns.
Dash (-)
346
True or false: In secondary division, No dash (-) in thumbs if they are not RAT patterns.
True.
347
If two or more small letter patterns exist consecutively, you may use a __________ to indicate the series.
Number
348
Derived by ridge counting of loop and ridge tracing of whorl found at the index, middle ring fingers only.
SUB-SECONDARY DIVISION/ CLASSIFICATION
349
What are the FINGERS INVOLVED in sub- secondary division?
- INDEX
- MIDDLE
- RING
350
LOOP patterns in sub- secondary division must be: Ridge counted or Ridge traced?
Ridge counted
351
WHORL patterns in sub- secondary division must be: Ridge counted or Ridge traced?
Ridge traced
352
ARCHES in sub- secondary division must be represented by a ________.
Dash (-)
353
What is indicated as INNER or OUTER RIDGE COUNTING OF LOOP IN INDEX, MIDDLE AND RING FINGER?
9-10-13
##footnotes
1. INDEX
- 1-9 rc (INNER)
- 10 or more rc (OUTER)
2. MIDDLE
- 1-10 rc (INNER)
- 11 or more rc (OUTER)
3. RING
- 1-13 rc (INNER)
- 13 or more rc (OUTER)
354
What indicates Inner, Outer, Meeting RIDGE TRACING OF WHORL during sub- secondary division of index, middle, and ringer finger?
1. Inner- 3 or more intervening ridges INSIDE OR ABOVE the right delta
2. Outer- 3 or more intervening ridges OUTSIDE OR BELOW the right delta
3. Meeting- 2 or less intervening ridges either ABOVE OR BELOW the right delta
355
Appearance of PLAIN ARCH and TENTED ARCH during sub- secondary division, they should be represented with a _________.
Dash (-)
356
What is the numerator and denominator in the Major Division?
- Numerator- Right Thumb
- Denominator- Left Thumb
357
This division is produced by the counting of loops and the tracing of whorl type patterns emerging on the left and right thumbs.
MAJOR DIVISION/ CLASSIFICATION
##footnotes
These divisions are used to subdivide large collections of sets that the primary, secondary, and sub-secondary do not divide into adequately small groups to allow easy filing and searching.
358
In major classification, the first to be ridge counted is the ________ thumb.
Left thumb first
359
In major classification, if the ridge count of the left thumb is 16 or less, what table will apply?
TABLE 1
360
In major classification, if the ridge count of the left thumb is 17 or more, what table should be used for the ridge counting of the right thumb?
TABLE 2
361
Table 1 and 2 in major classification:
- Small-
- Medium- 12-16 | 18-22
- Large-
362
In major classification, if the left thumb is a whorl and the right thumb is a loop, what table or Formula shall be used?
Table/ Formula No. 1
363
This is done by ridge counting of loops and whorls from the two little fingers.
FINAL DIVISION/ CLASSIFICATION
##footnotes
In this division whorls are ridge counted not to be ridge traced.
364
They shall be treated as an ulnar loop from the hand of origin during major classification.
PLAIN WHORL AND CENTRAL POCKET LOOP
365
It is ridge counted to an upright loop or the ridge count of the top loop during major classification.
DOUBLE LOOP
366
They should be ridge counted in all but the least ridge count will be used during major classification.
ACCIDENTAL WHORL
367
Appearance of Plain Arch and Tented Arch in major classification should be represented with a ____________.
Dash (-)
368
369
This division is derived by getting the ridge count of the first loop formation appearing in the ten fingers except the two little fingers.
KEY DIVISION/CLASSIFICATION
370
In case of absence of a loop during key classification, the _____________ will be ridge counted following the rules of ridge counting under final division.
First Whorl
371
What are the rules if the whorl in key classification is a double loop pattern (horizontal and vertical) ?
1. Horizontal double loop - from delta to the nearest core
2. Vertical double loop - from left delta to the upright loop
372
When one or more fingers from the same hands are amputated or missing, it has the same classification with that of the _________________ (together with the ridge count and tracing) except with the primary classification.
Opposite finger
373
If there are two or more opposite fingers amputated or missing, it is given the classification of ___________, with a ridge trace of __________.
Pattern: PLAIN WHORL
Ridge trace: MEETING
374
If all fingers are missing, all shall be treated as _____________.
PLAIN WHORL AND MEETING
375
If all 10 fingers are amputated or missing at birth, the classification will be:
M 32 W MMM/
M 32 W MMM
376
377
In case of Amputated (Amp) or Finger missing at birth (FMB), Where should "Amp" or FMB be written?
at the upper right corner of the block
378
In the case of Bandaged Finger Due to Injury, where should "bandaged" be written?
on the plain impression NOT at the block
379
In case of the Presence of a scar, Where must the word "scarred" be written?
on the plain impression
380
What could act as drying agents if the hand during the taking of fingerprint impressions have excessive perspiration?
Excessive perspiration - wipe the finger with a **cloth** and then immediately ink the finger and roll it on the fingerprint card, or could be wiped with **alcohol, benzine**, or similar fluid which would act as a drying agent.
381
What serves as the tissue builder in case of blanched and wrenkled fingers during the taking of fingerprint impressions?
BLANCHED AND WRINKLED FINGERS - injection of a tissue builder or **glycerin or water** may be used by the use of a hypodermic syringe. The solution is injected until the finger "bulbs" are rounded out.
382
If, during the course of an inspection, it is seen that the flesh is becoming too soft, the finger should be placed in a ___________ in order to get fingerprint impressions.
1-to 3-percent solution of **formaldehyde or alcohol** for several minutes in order to harden it
383
Are those prints that are hidden or concealed which are usually left accidentally on the crime scene. These are prints naked to the human eye but they actually exist.
LATENT PRINTS
384
TYPES OF LATENT PRINTS
1. VISIBLE IBLE PRINTS PRINTS - are impressions made by fingers smeared with colored substance, such as blood, Ink, grease, dirt or paint.
2. SEMI-VISIBLE PRINTS - are molded or plastic impressions. They are prints made in plastic materials such as soap, melted candles, wax, tar, pitch, paraffin, putty, the adhesive gun on envelopes and postage stamps, and the like.
3. INVISIBLE PRINTS (TRUE LATENT PRINTS)- are the most
common type of chance impressions.
385
Prints that are impressions made by fingers smeared with colored substances, such as blood, Ink, grease, dirt or paint.
VISIBLE PRINTS
386
Prints that are molded or plastic impressions. They are prints made in plastic materials such as soap, melted candles, wax, tar, pitch, paraffin, putty, the adhesive gun on envelopes and postage stamps, and the like.
SEMI-VISIBLE PRINTS
387
Prints that are the most common type of chance impressions.
INVISIBLE PRINTS (TRUE LATENT PRINTS)
388
Prints created due to the sliding motion of the finger.
SMUDGE PRINTS
389
Prints that show incomplete ridges.
FRAGMENTARY PRINTS
390
Prints that were left by chance at the crime scene.
CHANCE IMPRESSIONS
391
It is considered as the simplest and traditional methods used in developing prints at the scene of the crime. (Use of Powder and Brush)
DUSTING METHOD
392
This is basically used in developing prints in paper done by simply rolling the paper with powder spreading on its surface.
ROLLING METHOD
393
After the latent print had been developed using the fingerprint powder and after it has been properly photographed, there is a need to lift and collect the said print for examination and preservation purposes. It is done by a lifting tape then placed on a latent lift card to preserve the print.
Lifting Developed Latent Prints
394
This powder can be used on either a light or dark surface. It appears black when used on a light colored surface and silver on a dark colored surface. When a print developed by this, it is lifted with tape and placed on a white backing card, the latent print will appear dark.
Bichromatic Powders
395
These are powders composed of some 98% iron filings with only one to two percent (1-2%) developing powder. They can develop better prints on the following surfaces: shiny magazine covers, boxes with a coated surface, and some plastic materials.
Magnetic Powders
##footnotes
It is important to note that the magnetic powder ball formed with a magna brush is much softer than conventional filament brushes and typically causes less damage to fragile latent prints. (Magnetic Applicator)
396
Latent prints treated with this powder can only be seen after exposing the print to radiation. This is highly sensitive when used with a good forensic light source and the appropriate barrier filters
Fluorescent Powder
397
What are the three types of surfaces?
1. Porous surface - absorbent
2. Non-porous surface- non- absorbent
3. Semi-porous surface- water is superficially absorbed such as Styrofoam.
398
These are done by using chemical fumes such as iodine and Ammonium Fumes.
FUMING METHODS
399
This method is used for paper, cardboard and similar surfaces. Iodine crystals are converted to vapors without going into the process of liquification when subjected to heat, a process known as *sublimation*. When using this process, an investigator should have a ready camera to take photographs of the developed prints as the same is not permanent.
Iodine Fuming
##footnotes
It should be used before Ninhydrin or silver nitrate.
400
This method is considered as one of the best methods used in developing prints in paper.
NINHYDRIN METHOD
401
Prints treated with this chemical will appear **purple** in color. In performing this developing technique, paper and other similar surfaces are sprayed, soaked or brushed with Ninhydrin solution. Development is seen with ridges of **purple color** gradually appearing. Care should be taken not to handle treated material with bare hands to avoid investigator's prints from contaminating into the material
Ninhydrin
402
The silver physical developer originated in photographic chemistry as an alternate method to the chemical developer for developing film a **silver-based reagent** that reacts with components of fingerprint residue. The reaction is shown by gray color reaction on paper, cardboard, and similar surfaces.
Physical Developer
##footnotes
Physical developer is usually used on paper previously treated with Ninhydrin. (citric acid)
403
This is a modern method of tracing and developing prints.
LASER METHOD
##footnotes
1. Argon Laser (Ar-Laser)
- is the most common
- the surface impinged with the fingermark is illuminated
- blue-green beam from the Ar-laser
404
A chemical method best used for the detection of latent fingermarks on *non-porous surfaces* such as glass, plastic, metal, etc. It is a household name for bulldog, mighty bond, quicktite and other adhesives of cyanoacrylate composition available in the market.
- CHEMICAL METHOD (NON-POROUS SURFACE)
- SUPERGLUE FUMES (CYANOACRYLATE)
When heated, cyanoacrylate fumes are released and polymerized on latent prints. Development is seen as a white blob.
405
STEPS IN LATENT FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION
Code: R-I-I-R
1. RECOGNITION.
- This includes processing of latent prints in the crime scene, preliminary screening, photography and lifting of the prints.
2. IDENTIFICATION.
- Includes laboratory processing, enhancement, comparison of known and unknown
3. INDIVIDUALIZATION.
- Includes the method of matching the prints for identification purposes followed by evaluation.
4. RECONSTRUCTION.
- This will be done if there was non-matching of prints. The condition and position should be identified and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) may be used.
406
WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN FINGERPRINT EXAMINATION?
Code: ACE-V
1. ANALYSIS
- General patterns and names or specific patterns are identified.
2. COMPARISON
- Ridge details of the fingerprints are being compared.
3. EVALUATION
- The making of a conclusion whether the latent print and fingerprint of suspect are the same.
4. VERIFICATION
- The opinion of an examiner should be verified by 1-2 examiner/s
407
This involves assessing a print to determine if it can be used for a comparison. If the print is not suitable for comparison because of inadequate quality or quantity of features, the examination ends and the print is reported as not suitable. If the print is suitable, the analysis indicates the *features to be used in the comparison* and their *tolerances* (the amount of variation that will be accepted). The analysis may also uncover *physical features* such as recurves, **deltas, creases and scars** that help indicate where to begin the comparison.
ANALYSIS
##footnotes
The qualitative and quantitative assessment of Level 1,2 and 3 details.
408
Fingerprint friction ridge details are generally described in a hierarchical order at three different levels, namely:
- Level 1 (pattern)- general characteristics
- Level 2 (minutiae points)- finer details/ Galton's details
- Level 3 (pores and ridge contours)- highest level of details
409
Are performed by an analyst who views the *known and suspect prints* side-by-side. The analyst *compares* minutiae characteristics and locations to determine if they match.
COMPARISONS
##footnotes
Known prints are often collected from persons of interest, victims, others present at the scene or through a search of one or more fingerprint database
410
This is where the examiner *ultimately decides* if the prints are from the same source (identification or individualization), different sources (non-identification or exclusion) or is inconclusive.
EVALUATION
##footnotes
Inconclusive results may be due to:
- poor quality samples
- lack of comparable areas
- insufficient number of corresponding or dissimilar features to be certain
411
This is when *another examiner* independently analyzes, compares and evaluates the prints to either *support or refute* the conclusions of the original examiner. The examiner may also verify the suitability of determinations made in the analysis phase.
VERIFICATION
412
What is the (PEP-V) - METHOD IN FORENSIC SCIENCE?
1. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION- suitability, screening, marking, numbering, photographing
2. EXAMINATION PROPER- determine whether or not the 2 prints are identical
3. PREPARATION OF REPORT
4. VERIFICATION
413
There are no international rules or laws setting the required number of similarities of latent and suspect's fingerprint. Other countries set points of similarities: (EUE)
1. England= 16 similarities
2. United States= 12 similarities.
3. European Countries= 15 similarities
414
In the Philippines, _________, _________ and ___________ of the fingerprint examiner are more important than the number of ridge details.
Educational background, Training, and Experience
415
Means the result of the critical study and comparison by a fingerprint examiner.
Opinion
416
Who is only authorized to declare whether a person is an expert witness or an ordinary witness?
Judge
417
What is considered EVIDENCE PRESERVATION OF CHANCE FINGERPRINTS?
1. PRESERVATION BY PHOTOGRAPHY
2. PRESERVATION OF PLASTIC FINGERPRINTS
3. PRESERVATION WITH FINGERPRINT LIFTERS (E.G RUBBER LIFTERS)
4. PRESERVATION WITH FINGERPRINT LIFTING TAPE
418
What do you call the ELECTRONIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM OF FINGERPRINTS?
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
##footnotes
Ican digitize fingerprint information to produce inkless fingerprints. Latent fingerprints are scanned and converted into an electronic image that is stored in a database for rapid retrieval.
419
In court presentation, fingerprint should be at least ________ diameter projection is enlarger of photographic negative. Since the enlarged photographs appear in black and white, an ink other than black or white should be used to line the chart
Ten (10) diameter
420
How many characteristics are ample to illustrate an identification of person through fingerprint, (but it is neither claimed nor implied that this number) is required.
Twelve (12) characteristics
421
Refers to the number of identical ridge details that the ridge details of both are of the same kind, location, and should face the same direction.
QUALITATIVE FACTORS
422
Refers to the number of identical ridge details that must be present in both questioned and standard prints.
QUANTITATIVE FACTORS
##footnotes
CLOCKWISE FORMATION
423
No special training or skill is required of the identifier and no instrument or procedure is demanded.
Those which laymen used to prove identity
424
Identification is made by trained men, well-seasoned by experience and observation, and primarily based on comparison or exclusion.
Those which are based on scientific knowledge
FORENSIC SCIENCE
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