FS2 Flashcards by Irish Fe Ballete

It is a method of recording images by the act of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive.

PHOTOGRAPHY (LITERAL DEFINITION)

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The word Photography was first used by the scientist _________ in 1839.

Sir John F.W. Herschel

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Photography was derived from the Greek words:

“Phos” or “Photos” which means light
“Grapho” means “Writing” or “Graphia” meaning to Draw.

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It is an art of science which deals with the reproduction of images through the action of light upon sensitized materials, with the aid of a camera and its accessories and the chemical processes involved therein.

PHOTOGRAPHY (MODERN DEFINITION)

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Photography defined as any means for the chemical, thermal, electrical, or electronic, recording of the images of scenes or objects formed by some type of radiant energy including gamma rays. X rays ultra violet rays, visible light, and infrared rays.

PHOTOGRAPHY (TECHNICAL DEFINITION)

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Is the mechanical and chemical result of Photography.

Photograph

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An image that can only be a product of photography.

Photograph

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Is a generic term which refers to all kinds of formed images.

Picture

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An art or science which deals with the study of the principles of photography, the preparation of photographic evidence, and its application to police work.

Police Photography

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An art or science of photographically documenting a crime scene and evidence for laboratory examination and analysis for the purpose of court trials.

Forensic Photography

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What are the uses of photography?

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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Considered to be the first application of photography in police work.

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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The first police who utilized photography in police work as a supplementary identification in his Anthropometry system.

Alphonse Bertillion

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Photography is considered to be one of the most universal methods of communication considering that no other language can be known universally than photography.

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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Considered as to be the utmost use of photography in police work.

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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Crime scenes cannot be retained as is for a long period of time but through photographing the initial condition of the scene of the crime can be preserved properly

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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Photography can extend human vision in discovering and proving things such as:

The use of Magnification
- Photomicrography
- Photomacrography/Macrophotography
- Microphotography
- Telephotography
b. Used Artificial Light such as x-ray, ultra-violet and infra-red rays to show something which may not be visible with the aid of the human eye alone.

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Almost all evidence presented in court before formally accepted requires that they satisfy the basic requirements for admissibility which is relevancy and competency.

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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A question of __________ is usually proved by proving the origin of the evidence and its relation to the case and this is usually supplemented by photographs of the evidence giving reference as to where it came from.

Relevancy

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Evidence presented in court once accepted became known as _____________.

Exhibit

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Exhibits for defense vs. prosecution.

Defense- Exhibit 1, 2, 3, etc.
Prosecution- Exhibit A, B, C, etc.

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With the use of video camera (hidden camera) and other advanced photographic equipment, crimes are being detected more easily and even to the extent of preventing them from initially occurring.

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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Modern facilities are now being used as instructional material not only in police training as well as in other agencies.

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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With the use of photography any number of reproductions of the evidence can be made for those giving unlimited opportunity for its examination and even allow other experts or persons to examine the specimen without compromising the original.

Uses of Photography

Personal Identification
Communication
Record Purposes
Preservation
Discovering and Proving
Court Exhibits
Crime Prevention
Police Trainings
Reproducing and Copying

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SPECIAL USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY:

1. INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY 2. ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHY 3. X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHY 4. MUG-SHOT PHOTOGRAPHY 5. TELEPHOTOGRAHY

It can penetrate the haze that scatters the waves of visible light.

Infrared Photography ##footnotes Recording images formed by infrared radiation.

Used in detecting crossed-out words or writings on a charred piece of paper can be detection of certain types of secret writings.

Infrared Photography

It may also reveal the contents of sealed envelopes. Sometimes used in Surveillance Photography.

Infrared Photography

Art or process of photographing or recording unseen objects.

Ultraviolet Photography

____________ is used after visible light techniques and infrared light techniques fail (questioned documents, etc.).

Ultraviolet Photography

Light illuminated to reveal dody secretions such as urine, semen and perspiration (glow).

Ultraviolet Light

Used to reveal fingerprints on multicolored surfaces.

Ultraviolet Light

This is used in photographing "invisible ink".

Ultraviolet Photography

This is reflective and will show bruises or bite marks that are no longer visible.

UV photography

Widely used in medicine, industry, and science. It is quite different from ordinary photography.

X-ray Photography ##footnotes X-rays are invisible electromagnetic waves.

Use for personal identification which is the first use of photography in police work.

Mug-shot Photography

Who is the Father of Mug-Shot photography?

Alphonse Bertillon

Is the process of taking photographs of a far object with the aid of long focus and telephoto lens.

Telephotography

To produce a photograph, _______ is needed aside from sensitized materials.

Light

Lights reflected or radiated by a subject must reach the ____________ inside a camera.

Sensitized material

True or False: The amount of light on the sensitized material after exposure is immediately visible to the eyes.

False. *not immediately visible to the eyes*

To make the formed image visible, it must undergo the ___________.

Development process (Chemical process)

True or False: The visual effect that results from the chemical processing is not dependent on the quantity and quality of the exposing light.

False. *is dependent on the quantity and quality of the exposing light*

This will yield an opaque or black shade on the sensitized material after development.

More light

If the light is too little, it will produce __________ or _________ shade.

Transparent or White shade

What controls the exclusion of all other lights to be recorded on the sensitized material inside the light tight box (camera)?

Lens

What are the most essential elements in Photography?

1. Light 2. Camera (Light tight box) 3. Lens 4. Sensitized Material (Film) 5. Chemical Process

An electromagnetic energy that travels in the form of a wave with the speed of 186,000 miles per second.

LIGHT

A light tight box designed to block unwanted or unneccesary light from reaching the sensitized material.

CAMERA

Is the light gathering mechanism of the camera that collects the reflected light coming from the object to form the image.

LENS

Composed of a highly sensitized chemical compound which is capable of being transformed into an image through the action of light and with some chemical processes.

SENSITIZED MATERIAL (Film & Photo paper)

Is the process necessary for reducing silver halides into a form so as a latent image and a positive image be made resulting in a photograph.

CHEMICAL PROCESS

What are the Theories or Nature of Light?

1. THE WAVE THEORY (CHRISTIAN HUYGENS) 2. CORPUSCULAR THEORY (NEWTON) 3. MODIFIED WAVE/ ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY (MAXWELL AND HERTZ) 4. QUANTUM THEORY (ALBERT EINSTEIN)

It is the theory that was transcribed from the motion of the water that if we observe a piece of log floating in the ocean and with the force of the wave naturally will make the log move up and down.

THE WAVE THEORY (CHRISTIAN HUYGENS)

This later opposes the waves theory, stating that light has its effect by the motion of very small particles such as electron(s).

CORPUSCULAR THEORY (NEWTON)

The accepted conclusion in law enforcement, that light is a form of energy, which is electromagnetic in form.

MODIFIED WAVE/ ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY (MAXWELL AND HERTZ)

Electrons attached to a metal can absorb specific light, thus have the energy to escape (Sparks).

QUANTUM THEORY (ALBERT EINSTEIN)

How fast is the speed of light, measured in a vacuum?

- 299,792.5 km/sec - 186,281 miles/sec

The distance measured between two (2) successive crests or troughs of waves and it is expressed in either Milimicron (nanometer) or Angstrom.

Light wavelength

The unit of light wavelength which is equivalent to one-millionth part of a millimeter.

Milimicron

Relatively smaller because it has an equivalent measurement of ten (10) millionth part of a millimeter.

Angstrom

What are the types of light?

1. VISIBLE LIGHT 2. INVISIBLE LIGHT

The type of light produces a different sensation when reaching the human eye. It is the type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of the human eye.

VISIBLE LIGHT

Lights in which their wavelengths are either too short or too long to excite the retina the human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultra-violet, and Infra-red lights.

INVISIBLE LIGHT

Light with the wavelength between 0.1 to 30 milimicrons. It is produced by passing an electric current through a special type of vacuum tube.

X-RAY

It was incidentally discovered by Conrad Welheim Roentgen.

X-RAY

This type of light works in the principle of shadow photography.

X-RAY

Radiation has a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers designed to photograph fingerprints in multi colored background documents that are altered, decipherment of erase writing and developing invisible writing.

ULTRA-VIOLET RAY (BEFORE THE VIOLET)

It is commercially known as "black light"

ULTRA-VIOLET RAY (BEFORE THE VIOLET)

It refers to the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700 milimicrons designed for ordinary photographing purposes.

VISIBLE LIGHT

Considered as the photographic rays with the longest wavelength ranging from 700 to 1000 millimicrons.

INFRA-RED (BEYOND THE RED)

It is designed to take photographs of over-written documents, obliterated writing, and charred documents or for black out photography.

INFRA-RED (BEYOND THE RED)

It is referred to as heat rays.

INFRA-RED (BEYOND THE RED)

He proved that the light which men see as white light is actually a mixture of all colors of the spectrum.

ISAAC NEWTON IN 1666 ##footnotes This is produced when we allow light to hit a glass prism (Sharp Edge of the Glass).

PRIMARY COLORS:

1. BLUE 2. GREEN 3. RED

SECONDARY COLORS:

1. CYAN 2. YELLOW 3. MAGENTA

NEUTRAL COLORS:

1. GRAY 2. WHITE 3. BLACK

Presence of all colors

WHITE

Absence of all colors

BLACK

True pr False: Painted objects do not produce their own light, they reflect light. The object looks red, because it is reflecting only red light to our eyes. To do this, it absorbed the other primary colors in the white light it is reflecting. It absorbs green and blue and reflects red.

True.

Enumerate: Mediums of light?

1. Transparent objects 2. Translucent objects 3. Opaque objects

Mediums that merely slow down the speed of light but allow it to pass freely in other respects.

Transparent objects

Mediums that transmit 90% or more of the incident light.

Transparent objects

Mediums that allow light to pass through it in such a way that the outline of the source of light is not clearly visible.

Translucent objects

Thse are mediums which transmit 50% or less of the incident light.

Translucent objects

Mediums that divert or absorb light, but do not allow lights to pass through.

Opaque objects

Mediums that absorb most of the light while reflecting some of it.

Opaque objects

Once light hits a certain medium, its action can be characterized as either:

Code: RAT 1. REFLECTED (translucent objects) 2. ABSORBED (opaque objects) 3. TRANSMITTED (transparent objects)

Action of light once it hits a mirror and it bounces back.

Reflected

Action of light when it hits a dark colored object and prevents it from either bouncing or passing through.

Absorbed

Action of light when it hits a transparent glass which would allow light to pass through its medium.

Transmitted

MANNER OF BENDING OF LIGHT:

Code: RRD 1. REFLECTION 2. REFRACTION 3. DIFFRACTION

Rebounding or the deflection of light as it hits the surface.

REFLECTION

Bending of light when it passes from one medium to another.

REFRACTION

Bending of light when it strikes the edge of an opaque medium.

DIFFRACTION

Enumerate: Light sources

1. Natural light 2. Artificial light

What are the types of natural light?

1. Bright sunlight 2. Hazy sunlight 3. Dull sunlight

Are those lights which come to existence without the intervention of man.

NATURAL LIGHT ##footnotes Other examples: Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.

Objects in an open space cast a deep and uniform shadow and the object appears glossy.

BRIGHT SUNLIGHT

Objects in an open space cast a transparent or bluish shadow. This is due to thin clouds that cover the sun.

HAZY LIGHT

Objects in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds covering the sun.

DULL SUNLIGHT ##footnotes Two (2) types: 1. Cloudy Bright 2. Cloudy Dull

Objects in open space cast no shadow but objects at far distances are clearly visible.

CLOUDY BRIGHT (Dull Sunlight)

Objects in open space cast no shadow and visibility of distant objects are already limited.

CLOUDY DULL (Dull Sunlight)

Otherwise known as man-made light.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT ##footnotes Other examples: fluorescent bulb, incandescent bulb, and photo flood lamp.

What are the types of artificial light?

1. Continuous duration 2. Short duration

Artificial light with Continuous Duration:

1. Fluorescent Lamp 2. Incandescent Lamps/ Tungsten Light 3. Photoflood Lamps 4. Infrared Lamp 5. Ultraviolet Lamp

Artificial light with Short Duration:

1. Flash Bulbs 2. Flash Bar 3. Flash Cubes 4. X-cube 5. Electronic flash

It is a light with a reflector at the back which focuses the light to the object the common wattage of this lamp is 500 watts.

PHOTOFLOOD LAMP ##footnotes Is likewise known as Reflectorized light or Spot light.

These are tube lamps in which walls are coated with fluorescent powders with both ends is mounted with a holder that serves as the reflector. This is commonly used by everybody more than it is used in photographing.

FLUORESCENT LAMP

Bulbs with a wire filament connecting 2 wires which sustain the electrical charge that produces the light. Everybody likewise commonly uses this although it is more expensive in terms of electrical consumptions

INCANDESCENT BULB

These are chemical lamps, as it generates lights by the rapid combination of metal in oxygen. The bulb can be used only once as the bulb is busted when fired electrically. There are thin filaments inside the bulb with 2 electrical contacts. When the current flows through the filament, it becomes incandescent and ignites the explosive primer that ignites the aluminum foil that burns, giving flash of tense light.

FLASH BULB

Produces light by an instantaneous electrical in charges between 2 electrodes in a gas filled glass bulb. The electrical energy for the discharge is kept in the capacitor or condenser. It usually ranges from 1/300 second and 1/5000 second, and because of this, subject in fast motion can be arrested or stopped in the photographs

ELECTRONIC FLASH

Light is scattered. Street lights are great examples.

CONCURRENT LIGHT

Light that is aligned, such as LASER light.

COHERENT LIGHT

What does LASER light stand for?

"Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation".

The formation of images through the use of laser light.

HOLOGRAM

Who invented and explained the hologram in his discovery through his article published in 1948?

DENNIS GABOR

A light tight box with a light gathering device and means of blocking unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material.

CAMERA

What are the Four (4) Basic Parts of a Camera?

1. LIGHT TIGHT BOX 2. LENS 3. FILM HOLDER (HOLDER OF SENSITIZED MATERIAL) 4. SHUTTER

What do you call all other accessories of any camera that merely makes picture taking easier, faster and convenient for the operator

ACCESSORY

What are the Essential Parts of a Camera?

1. Light tight box 2. Lens 3. Shutter 4. Film holder 5. View finder ##Footnotes *Same with 4 basic parts: View finder was added*

A box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame to hold other parts.

LIGHT TIGHT BOX

Designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to form an image of the film.

LENS

Designed to control the time during which the light reaches the film.

SHUTTER

Located at the opposite side of the lens designed to hold firmly the sensitized material to prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image.

FILM HOLDER (Holder of sensitized material)

Designed to determine the field of the view of the camera or the extent of the coverage of the given lens.

VIEW FINDER

Is that part of the camera which provides the means of showing to the photographer the entire scene coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material.

VIEWING SYSTEM

Is that part of the camera which regulates the time exposure of the film thus, affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material.

SHUTTER SPEED

Shutter speed is usually expressed in a ___________.

Fraction of a second

How can the light that reaches the sensitized material be affected by the slow/ fast shutter speed?

- Slow shutter speeds- for low light conditions - Fast shutter speeds- for bright lighting conditions

True or False: Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or freeze the action of a person.

True. ##footnotes Provided that necessary adjustment on the lens opening is made in order to maintain normal exposure.

What are the two (2) types of shutter?

BETWEEN THE LENS OR CENTRAL SHUTTER A type of shutter that is usually located between the elements of the lens made of metal leaves and its action starts from the center toward the side, and then closes back to the center. LEAF SHUTTER FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER Located near the focal plane or sensitized material, this type of shutter is usually made of cloth curtain, its action starts on one side and close to the opposite side.

A type of shutter that is usually located between the elements of the lens made of metal leaves and its action starts from the center toward the side, and then closes back to the center.

- BETWEEN THE LENS - CENTRAL SHUTTER - LEAF SHUTTER

This type of shutter is usually made of cloth curtains, its action starts on one side and close to the opposite side.

FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER ##footnotes It is located near the focal plane or sensitized material.

Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making very long exposure:

1. B (FOR BULB) keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held. 2. T (FOR TIME) Keep the shutter open until the shutter release is pressed again.

Keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held.

B (FOR BULB) - Button hold/ press

Keep the shutter open until the shutter release is pressed again.

T (FOR TIME) - Two-Tap

The ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the focal length of the lens.

LENS APERTURE

It is the light gathering power of the lens.

Lens Aperture

Otherwise known as lens opening and it is expressed in F-number.

Lens Aperture

A device made of thin overlapping metal leaves within a lens or camera which can be adjusted to specific apertures of f-stops to control the amount of light that strikes the film.

DIAPHRAGM

True or False: The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the bigger the lens opening the greater the volume of air that will pass through the lens and reach the sensitized material.

True.

True or False: If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest possible coverage of the lens in which objects are all sharp, it will be advisable to use a bigger lens opening.

False. Wide and Sharp image = Smaller lens opening (higher f-number)

It is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens set of focus is at a particular distance.

DEPTH OF FIELD

It is the distance toward and away from the film that the lens can be moved at a given f-value and the object still appears in focus.

DEPTH OF FOCUS

The nearest distance at which a lens is focused with a given diagphragm opening, which will give the maximum depth of field.

HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE

Is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of sharpness of the object to be photographed.

FOCUSING

It is usually obtained by estimating the distance from the camera and that of objects that will make a sharp or clear image.

Focusing

What are the different types of focusing devices?

1. Coincidence 2. Split Image Focusing 3. Ground Glass 4. Scale Bed/ Focusing Scale

Otherwise known as superimposed image focusing.

COINCIDENCE

An image usually splits into two parts if the object is not focused, but once the two parts of the image have been united, then the object is already focused.

SPLIT IMAGE FOCUSING

In this type of focusing, a single object will appear double if it is not focused, but moving the focusing adjustment this double image will coincide or superimposed to form a single object.

Coincidence

This is observed from the viewing system of the camera, once the object is not in focus, the object will be viewed to be blurred and will turn sharp and clear once adjusted.

GROUND GLASS ##footnotes It is focused directly observing the image formed by the ground glass screen, placed behind the taking lens. Example: *Twin lens reflex camera and digital camera*

Estimating the distance of the object and adjusting the camera control based on his estimation do this.

SCALE BED/ FOCUSING SCALE

A stand consisting three legs and mounted head for a camera; used to support and stabilize the camera.

TRIPOD

A cable with a button or plunger attached to a camera to prevent accidental movement and eliminate camera shake.

CABLE RELEASE

An artificial source synchronized with the opening and closing of the shutter to emit a brief but very bright burst illumination to a scene.

FLASH UNIT

A device used in determining the intensity of light that strikes the subjects and affects the film.

LIGHT METER

A tube inserted between the lens and camera body to provide increased magnification for macrophotography.

EXTENSION TUBE

A device used to hold the camera firmly so as to prevent vibration or movement.

CAMERA GRIP

A plastic, metal or rubber device that attaches to the front of the lens to shield it from extraneous light and eliminate reflection that might destroy the image cast by objects especially when the light is coming from the top or side portion of the camera.

LENS HOOD

Enumerate: Types of Accessories

1. Tripod 2. Cable release 3. Flash unit 4. Light meter 5. Extensor tube 6. Camera grip 7. Lens hood

Enumerate: Types of Camera

1. View Finder 2. Single Lens Reflex (SLR) Camera 3. Twin Lens Reflex Camera 4. View or Press Type 5. Pinhole Camera 6. Fixed Focus Camera 7. Point and Shoot Camera 8. Digital Camera 9. 35 mm Camera 10. Folding Camera

It is a type of camera best suited for police work due to its interchange ability of the lens. The best way to determine the entire coverage of the camera is to look directly behind the lens.

SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA

SLR types of cameras will eliminate the ____________.

Parallax Error

A type of camera with dual lens, one for focusing and the other for forming the image.

TWIN LENS REFLEX CAMERA

Considered the the biggest and expensive type of camera, used for movie making.

VIEW OR PRESS TYPE

A large format camera. Sometimes even called a "studio camera".

VIEW OR PRESS TYPE

Consist of a box with a small hole in one of its sides.

PINHOLE CAMERA

The most basic of all cameras, have a non-adjustable lens.

FIXED FOCUS CAMERA ##footnotes Most models have a single diaphragm setting and only one or two shutter settings.

Electronic devices inside the camera automatically adjust the focus, set the light exposure and advance and rewind the film.

POINT AND SHOOT CAMERA ##footnotes It has many automatic features that make them easy to use.

A camera that takes video still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images on light sensitive sensors (not film).

DIGITAL CAMERA

A type of camera that is electronic and does not require light sensitive materials (film) for recording images, it either uses a memory card, disc (hard disc, floppy or compact disc) as storage.

DIGITAL CAMERA

Any class of cameras designed to use 35-mm film, the same film used in commercial motion picture production.

35MM CAMERA

Lens and shutter mounted to the camera body by means of accordion-pleated bellows, which can be folded into the camera for ease of carrying.

FOLDING CAMERA

What are the other types of View/ Press Camera?

Polaroid - A type of a camera that immediately produces a positive print. Designed by Edwin H. Land. Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor. Pin Hole Camera - A simple type of a camera without a lens, made from a box with a small hole in one of its sides. Fish Eye Lens - A special type of a camera having 180 degrees angle of view.

A type of camera that immediately produces a positive print.

Polaroid - Designed by Edwin H. Land.

A digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor.

Digital Single Lens Reflex Camera

A special type of a camera having 180 degrees angle of view.

Fish Eye Lens Camera

An essential part of the camera which is used to focus the light coming from the subject, it is mainly responsible for the sharpness of the image formed through which light passes during exposure.

LENS

A medium or system which converges or diverges light rays passing through it to form an image.

Lens

First to introduce the use of lens in the camera.

DANIEL BARBARO

What are the classification of lenses according to the type of image to be produced?

1. Convex Lens (Positive) 2. Concave Lens (Negative)

Lens characterized by the fact that it is thicker at the center and thinner at the side which is capable of bending the light together and forms the image inversely. (ZOOM IN).

POSITIVE OR CONVEX LENS (CONVERGING LENS)

Lens characterized by the fact that it is thinner at the center and thicker at the side and forms the image on the same side of the lens. (ZOOM OUT).

NEGATIVE OR CONCAVE LENS (DIVERGING LENS)

Name all the inherent lens defects.

1. Aberration - Spherical - Chromatic 2. Coma - Positive - Negative 3. Curvature of Field - Barrel - Pincushion 4. Distortion 5. Flares 6. Astigmatism 7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification

Failure of light rays to focus properly after they pass through a lens or reflect from a mirror. Also defined as an *optical imperfection* responsible for image distortion.

ABERRATION ##footnotes Proper focus occurs when the light rays cross one another at a single point.

Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of the lens producing an image that is sharp in the center and blurred at the side.

SPHERICAL ABERRATION

Also known as lateral aberration.

COMA

Inability of the lens to focus light that travels straight or lateral, thus making it blurred while the light reaching the lens oblique is the one that is transmitted sharp.

Coma ##footnotes It can be a Positive or Negative coma.

It is a lens defect in which the rays enter the lens obliquely.

Coma

A kind of lens coma results in a star image near the outer edges of the viewing field seeming to have comet-style tail scattering radially towards the optical axis (center).

POSITIVE COMA ##footnotes Type: Positive Coma Tail Direction: Toward the center Edge Rays Focus: Closer Simple Clue: “Positive = Pulls in”

Scattering radially away from its optical axis.

NEGATIVE COMA ##footnotes Type: Negative Coma Tail Direction: Away from center Edge Rays Focus: Farther Simple Clue: “Negative = Pushes out”

The relation of the images of the different points are incorrect with respect to one another. (Circular dome like image).

CURVATURE OF FIELD

A defect in shape not in sharpness.

DISTORTION ##footnotes It can either be Pincushion or Barrel Distortion.

Straight lines near the edges of the frame bow toward the center of the frame. The curving is inward.

PINCUSHION

Straight lines near the edges of the frame bow outward from the center. The curving is outward.

BARREL

The inability of the lens to bring photographic rays of different wave lengths to the same focus.

CHROMATIC ABERRATION

Failure of different colored light rays to focus after passing through a lens, focusing on light of different colors at different points resulting in a blurred image.

CHROMATIC ABERRATION ##footnotes This is the most difficult lens aberration to correct.

Condition of the lens producing multiple images. It is a non-image forming light. Reduces contrast and color saturation.

FLARES

It is caused by very bright subject areas and produces internal reflections in the lens.

Flare

Is a form of lens defects in which the horizontal and vertical axis are not equally magnified. Inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical lines.

ASTIGMATISM

The inability of the lens to produce images sizes of objects with different colors.

CHROMATIC DIFFERENCE OF MAGNIFICATION

Lens that have no correction.

MENISCUS LENS

Lens corrected of distortion.

RAPID RECTILINEAR LENS (AKA APLANAT) ##footnotes It was introduced by John Henry Dallmeyer in 1866.

Lens used in correcting astigmatism.

ANASTIGMAT/ ANASTIGMATIC LENS

Lens used for correcting chromatic aberration

ACHROMATIC/ ACHROMAT LENS

Lens that are used for correcting both astigmatism and chromatic aberration.

APOCHROMATIC/ APOCHROMATIC LENS

A super-corrected lens for astigmatism. It has a better color correction and has the ability to produce the best definition of image in the photographs.

PROCESS LENS

A lens used in all fixed focus cameras. Basically, it has a short focal length and greater depth of field.

FIXED FOCUS LENS

The distance between the lens and the film plane when the lens is focused on infinity.

FOCAL LENGTH

It controls magnification (the size of the image formed by the lens). A lens is also described in terms of its view angle, the mount of the image shown on the film.

Focal Length

Focal length is usually specified in ________, but older lenses marked in centimeter (cm) and inches are still to be found.

Millimeters (mm)

What are the classifications of lenses according to its focal length?

1. Wide angle or Short focus 2. Normal or Medium focus 3. Long or Telephoto Lens 4. Macro Lens 5. Fisheye Lens 6. Variable focus

With focal length not longer than the diagonal half of the negative. Useful in taking photographs at short distances with wider area coverage.

WIDE ANGLE OR SHORT FOCUS

With focal length approximately equal but not longer than twice the diagonal half of the negative

NORMAL OR MEDIUM FOCUS

With focal length longer than twice the diagonal half of the negative. Best used in long distance photography but with narrow area coverage.

LONG OR TELEPHOTO LENS

Lens with the ability to focus from infinity to extremely closely, allowing it to capture images of tiny objects in frame-filling, larger than life sizes.

MACRO LENS ##footnotes Sometimes called "Close-up" lenses.

Described as an extreme wide-angle lens that has an angle view exceeding 100° sometimes more than 180° and that renders a scene as highly distorted.

FISHEYE LENS

A zoom lens - one in which focal length is variable. Elements inside this shift positions, enabling the lens to change its focal length in effect, providing one lens that has many focal lengths.

VARIABLE FOCUS LENS

Homogeneous medium (plastic or glass) which absorbs and transmits different light rays passing through it.

FILTERS ##footnotes Its purpose is to subtract (control) light rays of varying wavelengths.

Used to change the response of the film so that all colors are recorded at approximately the relative brightness values by the eye.

CORRECTION FILTERS

Used to change the relative brightness so that two colors which would otherwise be recorded as nearly the same will have decidedly different brightness in the picture.

CONTRAST FILTERS

Used to eliminate or reduce the effect of serial haze.

HAZE FILTER

Used to reduce or eliminate too much reflections on highly reflective surfaces such as newly painted objects which have high glossiness.

POLARIZING FILTER

Used for recording the amount of light transmitted without changing the color value.

NEUTRAL DENSITY FILTER

It refers to the film and photographic paper that is basically composed of an emulsion containing silver halides suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective support.

SENSITIZED MATERIAL

What is the structure of White and Black Film?

1. Top Coating (Top Layer) 2. Emulsion (Silver Salt + Gelatin) 3. Film Base 4. Anti-Halation Backing

What is the structure of Color Film?

1. Top Layer 2. Emulsion Layer 3. Blue Filter 4. Yellow Filter 5. Green Filter 6. Red Filter 7. Film Base 8. Anti-Halation Backing

Scratch resistant coating also called gelatin coating. Its over coating is composed of a thin transparent layer of a hard gelatin which helps protect the silver halide emulsion from scratches and abrasions.

TOP COATING (TOP LAYER)

The hard gelatin found in the top layer of a film, which is derived from cows, contains ________.

SULFUR ##footnotes The SULFUR is very much compatible with silver halides.

A layer composed of silver compounds which are light sensitive and halogens (such as bromide, chloride and iodide bromide in fast film emulsion).

EMULSION LAYER (SILVER SALT+GELATIN)

A silver compound when combined with a halogen becomes ____________. These are rare compounds that are responsible for forming the so called the LATENT IMAGE in the photographic film.

SILVER HALIDES

Commonly made of cellulose or other material such as paper, plastic, or glass, which supports the emulsion layer and is coated with a non-curling anti-halation backing.

FILM BASE

A black dye applied on the rare surface of the film. Its function is to absorb light that may penetrate the emulsion thus making the image sharper since it suppresses double images.

ANTI-HALATION BACKING

It prevents halo-formation in the photograph.

ANTI-HALATION BACKING

In the anti-halation backing of the film, the _________ is removed during processing by one of the chemicals in the developer.

Black dye ##footnotes Its second function is to *control the film from curling inwards*. (Towards the emulsion surface).

Sensitive to blue light only, green and red light passes through it without exposing the color halide.

Top layer of Color film

Silver suspended in gelatin, it is coated between the top and second layer to absorb any penetrating blue light but allowing green and red light to pass through.

YELLOW FILTER of color film

A layer that is orthochromatic, the layer sensitive to blue light (which cannot reach it) and green, but not to red light passes on to the bottom of the emulsion layer.

GREEN FILTER

A panchromatic layer, sensitive to blue (which can't reach it) and red. It is also sensitive to green light but to a slight degree that is insignificant.

RED FILTER

What are the types of film according to its use?

1. Black and White Film 2. Colored Film 3. X-ray Film

Films that are usually represented by a prefix or a suffix "Pan" or "Ortho" and generally used in black and white photography.

BLACK AND WHITE FILM ##footnotes EXAMPLE: Ortholith film, Tri X-Pan and Pan X-plus.

COLORED FILM can be divided into two:

1. Negative type - having names ending in color 2. Reversal type - having names ending in chrome

Films that are sensitive to X- radiations

X-RAY FILM

Colored film having names ending in ”color”.

Negative type

Colored film having names ending in ”chrome”.

Reversal type

Black and white films are usually represented by a prefix or a suffix "____" or "______"

Pan or Ortho

Colored films are usually represented by a suffix ”_______” or ”_______”.

Color or Chrome

What are the types of film according to light sensitivity?

1. Fast film 2. Slow film

Films that contain numerous large grains of silver halides that usually develop in groups.

FAST FILM

Film that requires a longer period to completely expose their emulsion to light; film with fine grains of silver halides.

SLOW FILM

Films that are very sensitive to light.

Fast film

ENUMERATE: TYPES OF FILM ACCORDING TO SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY

1. BLUE-SENSITIVE FILM 2. ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM 3. PANCHROMATIC FILM 4. INFRA-RED FILM

The responsiveness of the film emulsion to the different wavelengths of the light course.

Spectral Sensitivity

Film that are sensitive to U.V. light and Blue Color.

BLUE-SENSITIVE FILM

Films that are sensitive to U.V. light up to the green.

ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM ##footnotes Popular in the marker as KODALITH FILM

Films that are sensitive to U.V. Light up to red

PANCHROMATIC FILM

Films that are sensitive to all colors and to infra-red light.

INFRA-RED FILM

Films that are sensitive to all colors of the visible light.

Panchromatic Film

This refers to the degree of sensitivity of the film to light.

FILM SPEED EMULSION

This is expressed in an arithmetic value system. The bigger the number the more sensitive the film is.

ASA (AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION)

In the ASA system, a film with an arithmetical value of 400 is ______ times as fast as one with a speed of 100

Four times faster

Expressed in the Logarithmic value system. The bigger the number the more sensitive the film is.

DIN (DEUTCHE INDUSTRE NORMEN)

In the DIN system, an increase of ______ degree doubles the sensitivity of the film.

3 degree

Expressed as a combination of ASA and DIN rating.

ISO (INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ORGANIZATION)

Enumerate: ISO ratings

1. ISO-25-slowest speed that natural condition will permit, for best color and sharpness.2. ISO-100 to ISO-200 - for general purpose 3. ISO-100-slow speed film; needs sufficient light and low shutter speed; has fine grainsof silver halides; produce sharp image. 4. ISO-200-twice as fast and as sensitive as ISO-100; has large grains; produce largesharp image. 5. ISO-400-for dim light or with moving subject 6. ISO-1000 and up - for extremely low light conditions or for fast moving objects

It is the slowest ISO (rating) speed that natural condition will permit, for best color and sharpness.

ISO-25

ISO rating used for general purpose.

ISO-100 to ISO-200

ISO with a slow speed film; needs sufficient light and low shutter speed; has fine grains of silver halides; produce sharp image.

ISO-100

ISO rating that is twice as fast and as sensitive as ISO-100; has large grains; produces large sharp image.

ISO-200

ISO rating used for dim light or with moving subject

ISO-400

ISO rating used for extremely low light conditions or for fast moving objects

ISO-1000 and above

It is that sensitized material that will record the visible image in the final development and become the photograph.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER

Enumerate: Types of photographic papers according to the emulsion used (silver halides contents)

1. Silver Chloride Paper 2. Silver Bromide Paper 3. Silver Chlorobromide Paper 4. Variable Contract Paper

Photo paper used for contact printing, the size of the positive print is the same as the size of the negative used.

SILVER CHLORIDE PAPER

A photographic paper used projection, printing and enlarging process.

SILVER BROMIDE PAPER

A photographic paper used both for projection and contact printing. Slow emulsion

SILVER CHLOROBROMIDE PAPER

A photographic paper that combines the contrast range in one paper uses a special chlorobromide emulsion that produces varying contrast responses upon exposure to different colors of light.

VARIABLE CONTRACT PAPER

This is one of the most ideal photo papers used for police photography.

Silver Bromide Paper

Silver bromide papers will give a _______ tone when properly developed.

Black tone

Sensitivity of silver chloride paper to light is _____ and gives ______ tones when properly developed.

- Low sensitivity - Blue-black tones

What are the advantages of projection printing?

1. Dodging (removing) 2. Cropping (copying) 3. Vignetting (lightening) 4. Dye Toning (brightening) 5. Burning-in (darkening)

The process of eliminating the unwanted portion of the negative during enlarging.

DODGING (removing)

The process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and printing.

CROPPING (copying)

The gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful adjustment on the dodging board.

VIGNETTING (lightening)

The process designed in changing the color tone of the photograph.

DYE TONING (brigthening)

Refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative, used for purposes of making a balance exposure.

BURNING-IN (darkening)

What are the types of photo paper according to its physical characteristics?

1. Weight 2. Surface Texture 3. Color

What are the types of photo paper according to its weight (physical characteristics)?

1. Light weight 2. Single weight 3. Double weight

Designed for high flexibility and when paper thickness is not of consideration. Intended for purposes, which involves folding.

LIGHT WEIGHT

Papers used for small prints or which are needed to be mounted on solid and fine details necessary in the production.

SINGLE WEIGHT ##footnotes Used in ordinary photographic purposes.

Generally used for large prints because they stood up under rough treatment.

DOUBLE WEIGHT

What are the types of photo paper according to its surface texture (physical characteristics)?

1. Glossy paper 2. Semi-matte paper 3. Rough papers

Phot paper designed for fine details and brilliant image formation.

GLOSSY PAPER

Photo paper that obscures the fine details.

SEMI-MATE PAPER

Photo paper used for large prints or where breath rather than detail is necessary.

ROUGH PAPERS

Photo paper better used in police photography.

WHITE

Papers preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscape or when warmth effect is desired.

CREAM

Paper used to prepare for tone prints.

BUFF PAPERS

What are the types of photo paper according to its color (physical characteristics)?

1. White 2. Cream 3. Buff papers

Photo paper used for printing extremely contrast negative or extremely exposed film.

VELOX NO. 0

Photo paper used for high contrast negative (over exposed film)

VELOX NO.1

Photo paper used for normal exposed film.

VELOX NO. 2

Photo paper used for negative with weak contrast (under exposed)

VELOX NO. 3

Photo paper used to provide sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak negatives. It is useful to imprint which high contrast is desired.

VELOX NO. 4

Photo paper used for flat negatives that are unprintable.

VELOX NO.5

The process of making the latent image visible and permanent.

CHEMICAL PROCESS

Proper sequence chemical process: (4 boxes)

1. Development 2. Stop bath 3. Fixation 4. Washing

The process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image.

DEVELOPMENT

What are the two main developing agents.

1. ELON 2. HYDROQUINONE

Universally, the development process lasts from _____ to _____ minutes during the chemical process.

One (1) to two (2) minutes

Normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid that serves as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer.

STOP BATH

Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or removed from the emulsion surface and make the image more permanent.

FIXATION

How long does the fixation last during the chemical process?

20-30 MINUTES

What are the main fixing agents used in fixation during the chemical process?

HYPO/ SODIUM THIOSULFATE (DISSOLVING AGENT)

Other CHEMICALS used during the development process:

- REDUCERS - PRESERVATIVE (SODIUM SULFITE) - ACCELERATOR (SODIUM CARBONATE) - RESTRAINERS (POTASSIUM BROMIDE)

Other agents used in the fixation process:

- NEUTRALIZER- ACETIC/ BORAC ACID - PRESERVATIVE- SODIUM SULPHATE - HARDENER- POTASSIUM ALUM

A critical final step that removes residual chemicals, particularly thiosulfate from the fixer, to prevent the image from degrading/staining over time.

WASHING

After processing an exposed film into a negative, the next step would be to turn the negative into a positive print or copy.

Enlarging techniques ##footnotes This could be done by either contact printing or projection printing.

For contact printing, a contact printer is used while in projection printing ______ is needed to turn negative images to positive.

Enlarger

FOUR ESSENTIAL PARTS OF AN ENLARGER:

1. Base and stand 2. Lamp house 3. Condenser or Diffuser 4. Lens

TWO (2) ACCESSORIES OF THE ENLARGER:

1. Negative holder 2. Easel (Paper holder)

6 Basic parts of Enlarger:

1. Baseboard and its Vertical Column 2. Lamp House 3. Condenser or Diffuser 4. Focusing Knob 5. Elevating Knob 6. Easel

Part of an enlarger which supports the whole unit.

BASEBOARD AND ITS VERTICAL COLUMN

Part of an enlarger which supplies the light to expose the printing paper.

LAMPHOUSE

A pair of convex lenses that spread the light evenly on the negative.

CONDENSER OR DIFFUSER

A knob used to turn clockwise or counterclockwise until the image looks clear and crisp. (Control the sharpness)

FOCUSING KNOB

When you raise the enlarger, the projected image will get bigger, and when you lower the enlarger, the image will get smaller. (Control the size of the image)

ELEVATING KNOB

Part of an enlarger which holds the paper perfectly flat.

EASEL

Transfer the developed print in the stop bath for about _________.

30 seconds

Once the prints are placed in the acid fixer, the fixing time is about ___________.

30 minutes

Washing of the print in running water will take about __________.

20 to 30 minutes

True or False: More pixels mean lower resolution. The lower the resolution, the bigger the file size.

More pixels mean higher resolution. The higher the resolution, the bigger the file size.

What are the two types of digital cameras?

1. with Fixed Memory 2. with Removable Memory

A digital camera that has a limited number of images it can capture.

Fixed Memory Digital Camera ##footnotes The use will force the image or transfer it to the computer.

A digital camera that allows the user to load or replace a variety of storage cards in much the same fashion as film is exposed and replaced.

Removable Memory Digital Camera

Other Features of Digital Camera:

1. Images taken can be viewed in the computer and can easily be printed for hard copies. 2. A Liquid Crystal Device (LCD) monitor 3. Flash unit 4. Zoom lens capability 5. Sound Recording 6. Removable lens

The type or style of photography used in photographing crime scenes and evidence.

Technical Photography

What type of camera which have ten megapixels, or greater is usually used in technical photography.

- Digital single lens reflex camera - 35mm camera

Photograph that show as much detail or information about the view or object pictured as possible.

Technical photographs

What are the four (4) characteristics to be considered to capture the best technical photograph?

1. Correctly exposed 2. Maximum depth of field 3. Free from distortion 4. Sharp focus

______% gray card is used as an aid in getting accurate exposures for technical photograph.

18% Gray card

Technical photography should use a normal focal length lens whenever possible. A ______mm lens is considered the normal lens for a 35mm camera).

50mm Lens

To ensure the photographs are in sharp focus, keep the camera steady during the exposure. A camera should be mounted on a tripod if the shutter speed is less than ______ second and focus carefully.

1/60 Second

Technical photographs must also have a good perspective. To ensure a good perspective, one should hold the camera level and at ________ level whenever possible.

Eye level (between 4 1/2 and 6 feet above the ground)

A ____________ is a factual reproduction and accurate record of the crime scene because it captures TIME, SPACE AND EVENT.

Photograph of the crime scene

A photograph is capable of catching and preserving the:

1. SPACE- WHERE of the crime (Locus Criminis) 2. TIME- WHEN of the crime 3. EVENT- WHAT of the crime (nature or character)

Is the one who is tasked to take photographs of crime scenes, suspects, witnesses or any physical evidence found at the crime scene, bring them to the laboratory for processing, recording and filing.

POLICE PHOTOGRAPHER ##footnotes Tasks: 1. Take photograph - Crime scene - Suspect - Witnesses - Physical evidence 2. Bring to Laboratory for: - Processing - Recording - Filing

PURPOSES OF CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHY:

1. To record the **original scene and areas** 2. To record the **initial appearance** of physical evidence 3. Provide investigators the **permanent record of the scene** for future use 4. Used for **court trials and hearings**.

Two general classifications of crime scene photography:

1. OUTDOOR PHOTOGRAPHY 2. INDOOR PHOTOGRAPHY

Different views in photographing the crime scene:

1. General View 2. Medium View 3. Close- up View 4. Extreme Close- up View

Taking an overall view of the scene of the crime. It shows the direction and location of the crime scene.

GENERAL/ LONG RANGE VIEW

The taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into sections. Showing the 4 angles of the crime scene including the possible entrance and exit point of the suspect.

MEDIUM VIEW

This view will best view the nature of the crime.

MEDIUM VIEW ##footnotes Pinpointing a specific object of evidence or significant segment of the crime scene.

Is the taking of individual photographs of the evidence at the scene of the crime. It is designed to show the details of the crime.

CLOSE-UP VIEW

Photographic range used to show the extent of damage on the subject.

Extreme Close-up View ##footnotes Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using some magnification such as Photomacrography and photomicrography.

Distance in taking the general or long range view.

From the doorway to the room and other corners of the room.

Distance in taking Medium range view.

8 or 10 ft. from the victim

Distance in taking Close-up range/ view.

5ft or less from the victim

Lighting methods for copy and evidence close-up photography.

1. 45-Degree Lighting 2. Direct Reflective Lighting 3. Oblique Lighting 4. Bounce Lighting 5. Diffused Lighting 6. Transmitted Lighting 7. Front Directional or Axial Lighting

If only one light is used, a *white or silver reflector* can be placed on the opposite side of the evidence to reflect some of the light back toward the evidence, reducing shadows.

45-Degree Lighting ##footnotes This type of lighting uses one or more lights positioned at 45-degree angles.

Lighting used for photographing the average item of evidence where the objective is to show the item's shape and size.

45-Degree Lighting

In this type of lighting, the light is reflected directly off the subject into the lens. This is done by placing the subject at a *10-degree angle* from the lens to the film plane and placing the light source at a *10-degree angle* from the subject.

Direct Reflective Lighting ##footnotes The light source reflects at a 20-degree angle into the lens.

Lighting used to minimize shadows within the evidence. However, this method creates *very high contrast* and does not show the dimensional shape or texture of the evidence.

Direct Reflective Lighting ##footnotes The light source may need to be *diffused* to prevent hot spots.

This lighting uses a light source positioned at a low angle. It is usually used to show detail by creating shadows on the surface of the evidence.

OBLIQUE LIGHTING

This lighting is commonly used when photographing impressions, tool marks and certain types of fingerprints. A very low angle of lighting can be used to photograph dusty footwear impressions and indented writing.

Oblique Lighting

This lighting uses light bounced off a white or reflective surface. The bounce surface may be positioned at different locations (above or to one side of the subject) to create the desired effect.

BOUNCE LIGHTING ##footnotes This usually produces non-glare lighting with low contrast.

This type of lighting uses an opaque material placed between the light source and the subject to soften the light. This usually results in even lighting with reduced reflections and hot spots.

Diffused Lighting ##footnotes The opaque material can be: - section of a white bed sheet - an empty water bottle - a commercial device (for laboratory photography)

A lighting usually used for photographing evidence with shiny or reflective surfaces.

Diffused Lighting

Type of lighting which uses light that shines through the evidence toward the camera's lens. The background becomes shadow-free.

TRANSMITTED LIGHTING

The angle of the transmitted lighting can be adjusted from __________ to ________ degrees for the desired effect.

90-degrees to 45-degrees

This type of lighting is used for photographing transparent or translucent subjects. It is effective in photographing evidence such as a fingerprint on a drinking glass.

Transmitted lighting

A type of lighting that allows you to send light straight down onto the evidence. A clear piece of glass is placed between the subject and lens at a **45-degree angle**.

Front directional lighting ##footnotes The light source is positioned parallel to the film plane and 45-degrees to the glass. While the light is transmitted through the glass, some is reflected downward directly on the subject.

A type of lighting which is effective when photographing into hollow cavities, such as glasses or cups.

Front directional lighting

STEPS IN PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE:

1. SECURE THE SCENE 2. EVALUATE CONDITIONS 3. SHOOT THE SCENE 4. PHOTOGRAPH THE VICTIMS 5. PHOTOGRAPH THE EVIDENCE 6. EVIDENCE MARKERS 7. RE-SHOOT FOR NEW EVIDENCE 8. SHOOT FAST 9. PHOTOGRAPH THE VICTIM LATER

What does the Best Evidence Rule state about photographs as evidence?

A photograph is not a legal substitute for the object or article itself as evidence. The actual physical evidence must be presented in court whenever possible.

Why is a photograph of a revolver not accepted as evidence in court under the Best Evidence Rule?

Because the weapon itself must be brought to court; the photograph alone cannot replace the actual object as evidence.

What is the essence of the Best Evidence Rule in relation to physical evidence?

The essence of the Best Evidence Rule is that the original object or article must be presented in court, not just its photographic representation.

What types of evidence are recognized by the court as impossible to bring to court?

Evidence such as buildings or roads cannot be brought to court.

What types of evidence change quickly and may disappear before trial?

Evidence like skid marks on highways, wounds, and bruises may change or disappear before the case comes to trial.

How can evidence that cannot be brought to court or that changes quickly be preserved?

Such evidence can be preserved through photography and introduced in court as evidence.

What is the main purpose of a photographer when testifying in court?

The purpose of the photographer in testifying is to **explain**, not to defend, his photograph.

How should a photographer respond to queries while testifying in court?

His replies should be **directly responsive** at all times.

What should a photographer do if he does not understand a question during testimony?

He should **request clarification** from the court.

What must a photographer do if he needs to consult his notes while testifying?

He should **request permission from the judge** before consulting his notes.

Who is the best person to verify the accuracy of a photograph?

The **photographer who took the photograph** is the best person to verify its accuracy.

Aside from the photographer, who else may verify a photograph?

**Any person having sufficient knowledge** of the subject to state that the photograph is a faithful representation thereof.

What information should be recorded in the photographer's note?

1. Location's address, date and time 2. Type of incident & objects photographed 3. Type of film used and number of 4. Type of camera used exposure 5. Name of investigator on-case/ photographer 6. Names of victims and witnesses 7. Chain of custody 8. Weather condition

ELEMENTS OF A PHOTOGRAPH TO BE ADMISSIBLE IN COURT:

1. FAITHFUL REPRESENTATION OR ACCURATE REPRESENTATION OF THE ORIGINAL OBJECT OR SUBJECT 2. RELEVANCE 3. MATERIAL 4. COMPETENT 5. NO INFLAMMATORY CONTENT/UNBIASED

FS2 Flashcards

(391 cards)