Functional Groups

Question 1

Hydroxyl

Answer 1

H forms polar bond with O (R-O-H)
- alcohols typically end in “ol”
- good solubility, polar

Question 2

CarboXYL

Answer 2

• carboxylic acids
• very polar
• acts as an acid
• carbon atom with double bond to O2 and single bond to OH group

-COO or -COOH

O=C-R-OH

Question 3

CarboNYL

Answer 3

• carbonyl on the end of skeleton
• divided into aldehyde (if H is on an angle at base) and ketone
• polar (O2 double bone to carbon skeleton)

R-C-H=O
(But carbon bonded to oxygen)

Question 4

Ketone

Answer 4

Many types of solvent
- oxygen bonded to other carbs or functional groups, types of carbs, polar
O=R and R’

Question 5

Amino

Answer 5

• amino groups + organic compound=amines
• acts as a base

N2 attached to 2H

-NH2

Question 6

Sulphydryl

Answer 6

• organic molecules with -SH = thiols
• R-S-H
• Sulfur bonded to hydrogen and to backbone
• slightly polar
• stable protein structure

Question 7

Phosphate

Answer 7

• P can form 5 bonds one pair of electrons can split up
• P bonded to 4 O2 (3 single, 1 double)

Question 8

Methyl

Answer 8

R-CH3

• nonpolar
• carbon and 3 hydrogens

However, the molecule attached to it may be polar

Question 9

Ether

Answer 9

C-O-C

• slightly polar but not polar enough to form H2 bonds with other ethers
• Ether Linkage= 2 carbs are linked although they aren’t Ether

Question 10

Ester

Answer 10

(-COO-)

• carboxyl group bound to 2 other carbon chains
• join carboxyl to alcohol
• polar

Question 11

Increase of Hydroxyl Groups

Answer 11

Increase number of polar molecules and dipoles