Functional Groups

Question 1

Criteria for Carbon-carbon single bond:

Answer 1

• Formed between overlap of two sp3 hybrid orbitals
• Result in a s-bond
• Tetrahedral shape around each carbon atom

Question 2

Criteria for Carbon-carbon double bond:

Answer 2

• Formed between the overlap of two sp2 hybrid orbitals and two unhybridized p orbitals
• Result in a s-bond and a p-bond
• Triganol shape around each carbon atom

Question 3

Criteria for Carbon-carbon triple bond:

Answer 3

• Formed between the overlap of two sp hybrid orbitals and four unhybridized p orbitals
• Result in a s-bond and two p-bonds
• Linear shape around each carbon atom

Question 4

Describe a carbon bonding to halogens:

Answer 4

• Form single bonds
• Halogens do not use hybrid orbitals to bond to carbon
• Alkyl halides

Question 5

Describe a carbon bonding to oxygen:

Answer 5

• Can be through single bonds or double bonds

- Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids, Ethers, Esters

Question 6

Describe a carbon bonding to nitrogen:

Answer 6

• Can be through single bonds, double bonds or triple bonds

- Amines, Imines, Nitriles, Amides

Question 7

What is oxygens electrons configuration?

Answer 7

1s2 2s2 2p4

Question 8

Can carbon-oxygen bond between hybrid orbitals?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

What functional group do alcohols have?

Answer 9

-OH (hydroxyl group)

Question 10

What functional group do aldehydes have?

Answer 10

-CHO (Terminal carbonyl group)

Question 11

What functional group do ketones have?

Answer 11

-C=O (carbonyl group)

Question 12

What functional group do carboxylic acids have?

Answer 12

-COOH (Terminal carbonyl and hydroxyl group)

Question 13

What order are alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids from lowest to highest in terms of oxidation level?

Answer 13

alcohols
aldehydes
ketones
carboxylic acids

Question 14

What functional group do ethers have?

Answer 14

An oxygen connected to two alkyl or aromatic groups

Question 15

What functional group do esters have?

Answer 15

Derived drom a carboxylic acid

Question 16

If a molecule contains a functional group plus an OH group what should you do?

Answer 16

• Use prefix hydroxy

- e.g. 3-hydroxypentanoic acid

Question 17

Can nitrogen bond to carbon atoms through hybrid orbitals?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

What is nitrogens electrons configuration?

Answer 18

1s2 2s2 2p3

Question 19

What functional group do amines have?

Answer 19

Contains single bonded nitrogen

Question 20

What functional group do imines have?

Answer 20

Posses a carbon nitrogen double bond

Question 21

What functional group do nitriles have?

Answer 21

Posses a carbon nitrogen triple bond

Question 22

What order from lowest to highest are amines, imines and nitriles in terms of oxidation?

Answer 22

amines
imines
nitriles

Question 23

What functional group do amides have?

Answer 23

-Amides
Comprise a carbonyl group (-C=O) attached to an amine group
-Can be primary, secondary or tertiary

Question 24

What functional group do amino acids have?

Answer 24

Contain a primary amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) group

Question 25

What do electrons in different orbitals do?

Answer 25

Repel each other

Question 26

Describe methane in terms of orbital hybridisation:

Answer 26

- carbon sp3 hybrid orbital mix with hydrogen 1s orbitals | - 4 sigma bonds to four hydrogen atoms

Question 27

What shape is the result of four electron pairs?

Answer 27

Tetrahedral arrangement

Question 28

What happens to the bond angle when a lone-pair are in an sp3 orbital?

Answer 28

Minus 2.2 from 109.5

Question 29

What happens to the bond angle when two lone-pair are in an sp3 orbital?

Answer 29

Minus 5 from 109.5

Question 30

What shape is sp2 hybridised atom?

Answer 30

Trigonal planar

Question 31

What shape is sp hybridised atom?

Answer 31

Linear

Question 32

What is structural isomers?

Answer 32

Different physical and chemical properties

Question 33

Why amino acid doesn't exhibit optical stereoisomerism?

Answer 33

Glycine

Question 34

What are functional isomerism?

Answer 34

Same chemical formula but different functional group

Question 35

What type of isomerism do amino acids exhibit?

Answer 35

Optical isomerism