What is electronegativity?
Ability of an atom to pull electrons towards itself
What do atoms with a higher electronegativity do?
Pull electrons more strongly towards itself
What is periodic property?
Dependency on. the position of an element on the periodic table
What are the different types of factors which affect electronegativity?
Nuclear charge
Atomic radius
Electron shielding
What do you have to have to have a high electronegativity in terms of :
Nuclear charge
Atomic radius
Electron shielding
A higher nuclear charge
A small atomic radius
A low amount of shielding
Can you predict whether the bonding of molecules will ionic or covalent?
Yes by calculating the different in values of electronegativity
Is it more likely to be an ionic or covalent bond if the difference of electronegativity is greater than 1.7?
Ionic
Is it more likely to be an ionic or covalent bond if the difference of electronegativity is less than 1.7?
Covalent
What is the electronegativity between hydrogen and chloride?
0.9
Why is hydrogen chloride special?
- In its gaseous form, hydrogen and chlorine are covalently bonded
- In aqueous form, it ionises completely to give H+ and Cl- (Hydrochloric acid) form has a polar covalent bond
Finish the sentence:
If two atoms of the same element form a covalent bond, the distribution of electrons in molecular orbitals is …..
symmetrical
What happens if different atoms forms bonds?
- Asymmetrical distribution of electrons in molecular orbitals
- Different electronegativities
- Different ability to attract electrons
Why is the carbon-chlorine bond polar?
- Chlorine more electronegative than carbon
- Gives an unsymmetrical bonding molecular orbital
- Which can be illustrated with partial charges d+ and d-
- The bond has a dipole
What is a permanent dipole?
Small charge difference across a bond that results from a difference in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms
Is a carbon-hydrogen bond polar or not polar?
Not polar
- but the molecule its self is polar and overall there is a permanent dipole
How can the overall dipole on a molecule be reinforced or reduced?
Determined by the orientation if the bonds
Are ionic and covalent intermolecular forces?
Yes
-Bonds occur between atoms
What is an intermolecular force?
Occurs between atoms
- Difference in electronegativity values between atoms
- Polarity of molecules
What happens to the boiling point if you have a strong intermolecular forces?
High boiling point therefor high melting point
Wha are the three types of intermolecular forces?
- Dipole-dipole interactions
- van-der Waals forces
- Hydrogen bonds
What are dipole-dipole reactions?
Molecules with a permanent dipole attack each other
-Due to electronegativity differences
Are dipole-dipole weak or strong intermolecular forces?
Weak but still impact e.g boiling point
What is required when going from liquid to vapour phase?
Breakage of intermolecular attractions
How does dipole-dipole interactions affect solubility?
Interaction between molecules with permanent dipoles enables such compounds to dissolve
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Amino Acids and Proteins67
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Protein Structure55
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Protein Folding and Stability58
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Enzyme and Co-Enzymes70
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Atomic Structure76
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Chemical Bonding60
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Enzyme Kinetics77
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Allosteric enzymes and Inhibitors98
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Thermodynamics58
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Organic Chemistry and Carbon Bonding46
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Nomenclature and Isomerism64
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Biochemistry of Metabolism58
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Citric Acid Cycle50
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Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Electron Transport Chain44
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Fatty Acid Metabolism44
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Photosynthesis49
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Functional Groups35
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Aromatic Chemistry17
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Intermolecular Forces44
