Abnormal Psychology > GD > Flashcards

GD Flashcards

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1
Q

What do ‘sex’ and ‘sexual’ refer to in DSM-V?

A

Biological markers of male and female, including sex chromosomes and external genitalia.

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2
Q

What are DSDs in DSM-V terminology?

A

Disorders or differences of sex development, including somatic intersex conditions and historical terms like hermaphroditism.

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3
Q

What does ‘gender’ refer to in DSM-V?

A

The public, sociocultural, and legally recognized lived role as boy, girl, man, woman, or other gender.

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4
Q

What is gender reassignment?

A

An official (sometimes legal) change of gender assignment as male or female.

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5
Q

What do ‘assigned sex’ and ‘assigned gender’ encompass?

A

Birth-assigned sex/gender and assignments or reassignments made after birth, often in infancy for intersex conditions.

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6
Q

What does ‘gender atypical’ mean?

A

Features or behaviors statistically atypical for individuals with the same assigned gender in a given society and era.

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7
Q

What is gender identity?

A

A category of social identity referring to an individual’s identification as male, female, or another gender.

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8
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

Distress that may accompany the incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender.

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9
Q

What does ‘transgender’ refer to?

A

Individuals whose gender identity differs from their birth-assigned gender.

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10
Q

What does ‘cisgender’ mean?

A

Individuals whose gender expression aligns with their birth-assigned gender (also called nontransgender).

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11
Q

What does the historic term ‘transsexual’ refer to?

A

Someone undergoing or having undergone social and somatic transition, including hormone treatment and gender-affirming surgery.

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12
Q

What is DSM-V criteria for gender dysphoria in children (F64.2)?

A

Marked incongruence for 6+ months with at least 6 symptoms, including desire to be another gender and distress in functioning.

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13
Q

What is DSM-V criteria for gender dysphoria in adolescents/adults (F64.0)?

A

Marked incongruence for 6+ months with at least 2 symptoms and significant distress or impairment in functioning.

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14
Q

What is specified under DSM-V if GD co-occurs with DSD?

A

Conditions like congenital adrenal hyperplasia or androgen insensitivity syndrome.

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15
Q

What is post-transition gender dysphoria?

A

Person may no longer experience dysphoria but may still need treatment; diagnosis may be needed for access.

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16
Q

What is the prevalence of gender dysphoria?

A

Less than 1 in 1000 (<0.1%), often under-reported, with more AMAB individuals seeking care.

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17
Q

What are suicidality rates among transgender individuals?

A

Reported rates range from 30–80%, with risk factors including maltreatment, victimization, depression, substance abuse, and young age.

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18
Q

What is the link between ASD and gender diversity?

A

Overrepresentation of ASD traits in individuals with GD; those with ASD are more likely to show gender diversity.

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19
Q

What is the first guiding principle for working with gender and sexual diversity?

A

Gender and sexuality exist in continuums with infinite possibilities.

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20
Q

What is the second guiding principle?

A

Gender and sexuality are separate yet interrelated realms.

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21
Q

What is the third guiding principle?

A

The gender continuum includes separate but not mutually exclusive masculine and feminine continuums.

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22
Q

What is the fourth guiding principle?

A

Sexuality includes orientation/attraction, behavior, and identity—interrelated but not always aligned.

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23
Q

What is the fifth guiding principle?

A

Gender may develop based on biological sex, but not always (e.g., transgender, intersex, androgynous individuals).

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24
Q

What is the sixth guiding principle?

A

Biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors shape gender and sexual development, especially in early years.

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25
What is the seventh guiding principle?
Each person is unique, with multiple identities interacting with sociocultural realms like race, religion, and gender.
26
What are gender-affirming treatments?
Medical procedures (hormones or surgeries) to align physical traits with experienced gender.
27
How can a GD diagnosis assist treatment access?
It can help individuals gain access to gender-affirming medical care.
28
What are gender-affirming actions?
Social (name/pronouns), legal (name/gender change), and medical (hormones/surgery) affirmations.
29
What treatments are available for GD?
Counselling, family therapy, hormone therapy (HRT), and gender-affirming surgery (SRS).
30
What psychological therapies are used for GD?
Counselling and CBT to manage depression, anxiety, and coping—without aiming to change gender identity.
31
What medical therapies are used for GD?
Hormone therapy and surgery.
32
What is the situation for gender-affirming care in Australia?
Diagnosis not required; care is expensive (20k–100k) and mostly done privately.
33
What is required for children/adolescents to access hormone therapy in Australia?
Parental consent if under 18; family court involvement if no consent.
34
What year was DSM-I published and how did it classify homosexuality?
1952; listed homosexuality as a sociopathic personality disturbance.
35
How did DSM-II (1968) classify homosexuality?
It continued to list homosexuality as a disorder.
36
What change occurred in DSM-II in 1974?
Homosexuality was removed as a disorder and replaced with 'sexual orientation disturbance.'
37
What diagnosis was introduced in DSM-III (1980)?
Ego-dystonic homosexuality and gender identity disorder.
38
What change occurred in DSM-III-R (1987)?
Ego-dystonic homosexuality was removed and replaced by 'sexual disorder not otherwise specified.'
39
How does DSM-5 classify gender dysphoria?
As a separate, non-mental disorder diagnosis for those experiencing distress with assigned sex/gender.
40
What activism occurred in 1970 related to DSM classifications?
Gay rights activists protested at the APA annual meeting in San Francisco.
41
Who was Dr. Anonymous and what did he do in 1973?
John Fryer, a gay rights activist, spoke anonymously at the APA meeting to advocate for change.
42
Why was homosexuality removed from the DSM?
It did not meet the criteria of causing distress or impairment in functioning.
43
Who first described the concept of a 'female psyche in a male body'?
Karl Ulrichs in 1864.
44
How were transgender identities viewed in early writings?
They were often confused with homosexuality, conflating sexual orientation and gender identity.
45
Who brought gender-confirming surgery to public attention in 1952?
Christine Jorgensen, featured in the New York Daily News.
46
What did John Money contribute in the 1950s?
He described the difference between gender identity and gender role.
47
Who was Harry Benjamin and what did he do?
An endocrinologist who pioneered treatment for transsexualism and helped establish WPATH.
48
When did transsexualism first appear in the DSM?
In DSM-III (1980) as a psychosexual disorder.
49
What shift occurred in the 1990s regarding gender?
The male/female dichotomy was challenged; 'genderqueer' emerged as an identity label.
50
What developments occurred in the 21st century regarding gender?
Greater understanding of gender, emergence of gender-affirming therapy, and DSM-5's gender dysphoria diagnosis.
51
What does DSM-5 say about TGNC identities?
They are not pathological; gender variance is a human variant like sexual orientation.
52
What are dysphoric symptoms?
Distress from one’s body not matching their gender identity.
53
What are criticisms of the current DSM classification of GD?
Some view it as stigmatizing; others want the diagnosis retained for access to medical treatment.
54
Why do some activists oppose GD being labeled a psychiatric condition?
They believe it should be seen as medical, not psychiatric, and oppose psychiatric gatekeeping.
55
What is ICD-11’s term for gender dysphoria?
Gender incongruence.
56
Where is gender incongruence classified in ICD-11?
In the chapter on conditions related to sexual health, not mental and behavioral disorders.
57
Why is ICD-11 preferred by many?
It is seen as less stigmatizing than DSM classifications.
58
What concern exists about ICD-11’s reclassification?
It may unintentionally stigmatize mental health conditions further.
59
What are sexual dysfunctions according to DSM?
A heterogeneous group of disorders involving clinically significant disturbance in sexual response or pleasure.
60
What are examples of sexual dysfunctions listed in DSM?
Delayed ejaculation, erectile disorder, female orgasmic disorder, genitopelvic pain/penetration disorder, and more.
61
What is the diagnostic code for delayed ejaculation?
F52.32
62
What are the core symptoms of delayed ejaculation?
Marked delay or infrequency/absence of ejaculation in most sexual encounters.
63
How long must symptoms persist for delayed ejaculation diagnosis?
At least 6 months.
64
What must symptoms of delayed ejaculation cause to meet diagnosis?
Clinically significant distress.
65
What are possible specifiers for delayed ejaculation?
Lifelong or acquired; generalized or situational; mild, moderate, or severe distress.
66
What is the prevalence of delayed ejaculation in the US?
Estimated at 1–5%.
67
What factors may contribute to delayed ejaculation?
Aging, depression, relationship issues, and medical conditions like cancer treatment.
68
What is the diagnostic code for female orgasmic disorder?
F52.31
69
What are the core symptoms of female orgasmic disorder?
Delay, infrequency, absence of orgasm, or reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations.
70
How long must symptoms persist for female orgasmic disorder diagnosis?
At least 6 months.
71
What must symptoms of female orgasmic disorder cause to meet diagnosis?
Clinically significant distress.
72
What are possible specifiers for female orgasmic disorder?
Lifelong or acquired; generalized or situational; never experienced orgasm; mild, moderate, or severe distress.
73
What is the prevalence range for female orgasmic disorder?
8–72%, with about 10% of women reporting never experiencing orgasm.
74
What factors may influence female orgasmic disorder?
Physical, mental health, relationship issues, and cultural attitudes.
75
What are culture-related diagnostic issues for female orgasmic disorder?
Some cultures undervalue women's sexual satisfaction, affecting reporting and diagnosis.
76
What are DSM limitations in diagnosing sexual dysfunctions?
Heavy focus on birth-assigned gender; may not fit gender-diverse individuals.
77
What guidance does DSM give for gender-diverse individuals?
Clinicians should use best judgment due to limited research.
78
What is a paraphilia?
Intense and persistent sexual interest outside of genital stimulation with consenting, mature human partners.
79
What are courtship disorders?
Distorted human courtship behaviors: voyeuristic, exhibitionistic, and frotteuristic disorders.
80
What are algolagnic disorders?
Sexual masochism and sadism disorders involving pain and suffering.
81
What are anomalous target preferences?
Paraphilias directed at humans (e.g., pedophilic) or objects (e.g., fetishistic, transvestic).
82
What defines a paraphilic disorder?
Criterion A: nature of paraphilia; Criterion B: distress, impairment, or harm to others.
83
What is the diagnostic code for transvestic disorder?
F65.1
84
What are the core symptoms of transvestic disorder?
Sexual arousal from cross-dressing, causing distress or impairment.
85
What are specifiers for transvestic disorder?
With fetishism, with autogynephilia, in controlled environment, in full remission.
86
Does transvestic disorder apply to all who cross-dress?
No, not even to those who do so habitually unless distress or impairment is present.
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