General

Question 1

Typical sleep cycle

Answer 1

90-100 minutes
Beginning with NREM

Question 2

Sleep stages

Answer 2

N1:2-5% younger adults/ 5-8% elderly

N2: 45-55% younger adults/
57-67% in elderly

N3: 15-20% in younger adults/ 6-17% in elderly

REM: 20-25% i younderadults/ 17-20% in elderly

N2>REM>N3>N1

Question 3

Colonic and anorectal activity during sleep

Answer 3

Rectal motor activity is increased

Cyclical rectal motor activity is retrograde

Colonic contractile and myoelectric activity diminish in sleep but increase with awakening

Sudden awakening may induce a pattern of segmental rather than propagating colonic contraction

Question 4

REM sleep (Stage R)

Answer 4

REMs

low chin tone

sawtooth waves (theta activity with a notched morphology- occur near rapid eye movements (phasic REM)

REMs at any part in the epoch allow it to be scored as REM

REMs can also occur during stage W, but chin tone is typically elevated, and alpha rhythm predominates with eye closure

Question 5

Stage N1

Answer 5

Slow eye movements (SEMs), vertex sharp waves, low amplitude mixed frequency EEG activity

Question 6

Stage N2

Answer 6

K complexes and sleep spindles

Question 7

Stage N3

Answer 7

Slow wave activity (0.5-2Hz) , peak to peak amplitude of >75microvolt for >=20 % of an epoch