1
Q
Define bedding plane
A
The surface between two layers (or strata) in sedimentary rock
2
Q
What does the term bio-chemical weathering mean?
A
The process of rocks being broken down by chemicals produced by living things, such as acidic droppings
3
Q
What does the term biological weathering mean?
A
The process of rocks being broken down by living things
4
Q
Define carboniferous limestone
A
Deposited rocks that were formed between 363 and 325 million years ago
5
Q
What does the term bio-physical weathering mean?
A
The process of rocks being physically broken up by living things such as tree roots
6
Q
Define the term ‘clint’
A
The large blocks of rock on a limestone pavement, separated by grykes
7
Q
Define the term clitter slope
A
The trail of deposited rocks from the action of freeze thaw weathering on tors
8
Q
What does the term dip slope mean?
A
Land that follows the same gentle slope as the layers of rocks underneath
9
Q
Define the term ‘erosion’
A
The wearing away and removal of material by a moving force, such as a river, a breaking wave or a glacier
10
Q
What does the term ‘errartic’ mean?
A
A rock or boulder that differs from the surrounding rock, brought from a distance by glacial action
11
Q
What does the term ‘freeze thaw weathering’ mean?
A
The process of rocks breaking up from repeated freezing and thawing
12
Q
Define the term ‘geology’
A
The different types of rocks that make up an area
13
Q
Define the term ‘glacial’
A
A period of time with lower average temperatures causing widespread glaciations
14
Q
Define the term ‘gorge’
A
A steep, narrow valley with rocky sides
15
Q
Define the term ‘granitic’
A
A rock with a similar composition to granite: high in silica, with quartz crystals
16
Q
What is a gryke?
A
A vertical joint, enlarged by weathering, between the blocks in a limestone pavement
17
Q
Define the term ‘interglacial’
A
A period of time between two glaciations with higher average temperatures
18
Q
Define the term ‘joint’
A
A vertical crack within a layer of rock
19
Q
Define the term ‘landslip’
A
The movement of rocks or soil down a slope due to gravity
20
Q
What is meant by the term ‘limestone pavement’
A
A horizontal or gentle sloping area of limestone, comprised by large blocks (dints) separated by deep eroded fissures (grykes)
21
Q
Define ‘metamorphic rock’
A
A rock formed from other rock changed by extreme pressure or heat. It is usually formed from layers or bands of crystals and is very hard
22
Q
Define the term ‘scarp slope’
A
A steep slope that cuts through the layers of rock underneath
23
Q
What does ‘scree’ mean?
A
Angular rock pieces created by freeze thaw weathering
24
Q
What does the term ‘sediment’ mean?
A
Material such as mud, sand and pebbles carried and deposited by rivers or waves
25
Define the term 'sedimentary rock'
Rock formed of small particles that have been eroded, transported, and deposited in layers, such as sandstone or from the remains of plants and animals
26
What does 'soil creep' mean?
The slow gradual movement downslope of soil, scree or glacier ice
27
What is meant by 'strata'?
Distinctive layers of rock
28
What does the term 'sub-aerial processes' mean?
Acting on the earth's surface, including weathering and mass movement
29
Define the word 'till'
Sediment deposited by melting of glaciers or ice sheets
30
Define the term 'topography'
The shape and physical features of an area
31
What does the term 'tor' mean?
A block of granite found at the top of a hill
32
Define the term 'weather'
The day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere, e.g. temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, etc
33
Define the term 'weathering'
The breakdown and decay of rock by natural processes acting on rocks, on cliffs and valley side
34
Define the term 'abrasion'
Caused by the river picking up material in the river and rubbing it against the bed and banks of the channel in the flow
35
What is afforestation?
The planting of trees where there were none before, or where they had been cut down
36
Define 'alluvium'
Fine sediments which are deposited by rivers
37
What are 'antecedent conditions'?
Conditions in a drainage basin in the period before a rainfall event, such as saturated or frozen ground
38
What is an arch?
The rock bridge formed over a passage through a headland eroded by the waves
39
Define the term 'attrition'
A type of erosion where particles carried by rivers or waves are worn down as they collide with each other, so they become smaller and rounded
40
Define 'backwash'
The movement of a wave down a beach back to the sea
41
What does 'bankful' mean?
The discharge or contents of the river which is just contained within its banks. This is when the speed, or velocity, of the river is at its greatest
42
What is a bar?
A ridge of sand or shingle across the entrance of a bay or river mouth
43
What is a bay?
An area of sea, curved in shape which has been eroded between two headlands
44
Define a beach
A sloping area of sand or pebbles between the low and high water marks
45
What is beach replenishment?
The process of adding sand or shingle to widen or improve a beach
46
What does the term 'berm' mean?
A ridge of sediment found towards the back of a beach
47
Define the term 'channel'?
Refers to the bed and banks of the river
48
What is a 'concordant coast'?
The type of coast where the rock type runs parallel to the coastline
49
Define a constructive wave
A gently breaking wave with a strong swash and weak backwash. It adds more material to the beach than it removes
50
Define the term corrosion
Chemical erosion caused by the dissolving of rocks and minerals by water
51
What is a cost-benefit analysis?
A way of reaching a decision by comparing the costs of a project with the benefits it will bring
52
Define the term cove
A small bay with a narrow inlet
53
What is deforestation?
Permanently removing forest so the land can be used for something else
54
Define a delta
Formed when layers of sediment are deposited at river mouths faster than the sea can erode them. Deltas are usually roughly triangular in shape, and the river splits into several channels.
55
What is deposition?
A process where sediments are dropped by the river, glacier or waves that carried them
56
Define a destructive wave
A strong wave that removes material from the coastline
57
Define discharge
The amount of water flowing in a river, made up of its volume and speed, and measured in cubic metres per second (m3/sec, or cumecs)
58
What is a discordant coast?
A coast where bands of soft and hard rocks lie at right angles to the coastline forming headlands and bays
59
Define dissipate
To reduce wave energy, which is absorbed as waves pass through, or over, sea defences
60
Define distributaries
A smaller river channel created where a river splits, often to form a delta
61
What is a drainage basin?
The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
62
Define an estuary
The mouth of a river which broadens into the sea and is affected by tides
63
What is evaporation?
The changing of a liquid into vapour or gas. Some rainfall is evaporated into water vapour by the heat of the sun
64
Define a flood plain
The flat land in the valley floor each side of a river channel, which is sometimes flooded
65
Define a gablon
A large wire basket filled with rocks used to prevent coastal erosion
66
Define gradient
How steep a slope, river channel or valley is
67
What is groundwater flow?
Movement of water through the rocks in the ground
68
What is ground water?
Stored underground in rocks and soil
69
What is a groyne?
A wooden barrier built at right angles to the coast, used to break waves and reduce the movement of sediment along the coast
70
What is hard engineering?
Strategies using artificial structures (e.g. concrete) to prevent river or coastal flooding
71
Define helicoidal flow
A continuous corkscrew motion of water as it flows along a river channel
72
What is a headland?
An area of more resistant rock jutting out into the sea from the cliff-line
73
What are high and low water marks?
The points reached on a coast by the highest and lowest tides
74
Define holistic managment
Takes into account all social, economic and environmental costs and benefits. In coastal management this means looking at the coastline as a whole instead of an individual bay or beach
75
Define hydraulic action
This results from the sheer force of moving water wearing away the river bed and banks, or waves wearing away sea cliffs
76
What is a hydro graph?
A graph showing changes in a river's discharge and rainfall over time
77
Define interlocking spurs
Areas of higher land jutting out of steep valley sides in a river's upper course
78
Define lag time
The difference in time between the peak rainfall and the river's peak discharge on a hydrograph
79
Define a lagoon
A fresh water lake formed when a bay is cut off from the sea by a beach bar
80
Define lateral erosion
Erosion where a river cuts sideways into its banks
81
What are levees?
The naturally raised bank of sediment along a river bank, which may be artificially strengthened or heightened.
82
Define the term 'long profile'
The shape and gradient of a river bed from source to mouth
83
What is longshore drift?
The movement of material along a beach transported by wave action
84
Define a long term response
Reaction that happens in the weeks, months and years after an event
85
What is a meander?
A bend formed in a river as it winds across the landscape
86
Define the middle, upper and lower courses of a river
The journey of a river from its source in hills or mountains to mouth is sometimes called the course of a river ( this can be split into upper, middle and lower course ).
87
What is the mouth of a river?
The point where a river leaves its drainage basin and reaches the sea
88
What are mudflats?
Flat coastal areas formed when mud is deposited by rivers and coasts
89
What is the 'neck' (of a meander)?
The narrow strip of land between the two closest banks of a meander
90
Define an oxbow lake
A semi-circular lake on a river flood plain, which has been cut off by a meandering river
91
Define a plunge pool
A hollow in the river bed caused by erosion underneath a waterfall
92
Define the term plunging waves
Typically tall, can close together, created by strong winds
93
What is a point bar?
Sediment laid down on the inside of a meander bend where the river flows slowly
94
Define the prevailing wind
Direction in which the wind blows most frequently
95
What is a profile?
A cross section of the landscape, for example a river valley or beach
96
Define 'rip rap'
Large boulders of resistant rock placed at the bottom of cliffs that dissipate wave energy
97
Define a river cliff
A steep section of river bank, caused by fast-flowing water eroding the outside of a meander
98
Define river erosion
The action of water wearing away the rocks and soil on the valley bottom and sides
99
What does the term runoff mean?
Water running across the land surface or the proportion of rainfall that flows in rivers
100
Define saltation
A process where sediment is transported by being bounced along a river bed or sea floor
101
Define a saltmarsh
An area of mud flats formed by deposition of sediment in the low wave energy area behind a spit
102
What is a sand dune?
Onshore winds blow sand inland, forming a hill or ridge of sand parallel to the shoreline
103
What does saturate mean?
Soil becomes saturated when it has absorbed as much water as is possible. If any more water is added, it cannot be absorbed
104
What is a sea wall?
A curved or straight wall built along the coastline to prevent waves eroding the coastline
105
What is the sediment load?
The sediment particles carried by a river
106
What does a Shoreline Management Plan mean?
A plan which assesses the risks to a piece of coastline and how to manage them
107
Define a slip off slope
The gentle slope on the inside of a meander bend formed by deposition slumping a type of mass movement where soil or rock slides down a slope, often rotating as it moves
108
What does soft engineering mean?
Flood defences that work with natural processes to reduce the risk and impact of coastal or river flooding
109
Define the term 'solution'
The process where some rock minerals slowly dissolve in water, which is slightly acidic
110
What is the source of a river?
The starting point of a stream or a river, often a spring or a lake
111
What is a spit?
A ridge of sand or shingle deposited by the sea. It is attached to the land at one end but ends in a bay or river mouth
112
Define spring-line settlement
Where there is a ridge of permeable rock lying over impermeable rock; with a line of springs along the boundary between the two layers
113
What is a stack?
An isolated column of rock, standing just off the coast that was once attached to the land
114
What is a stakeholder?
A person with an interest or concern in something
115
Define a storm surge
An increase in the height of the sea due to a storm
116
What does strategic realignment mean?
The planned movement of the coastline inland because it can no longer be protected, also known as managed retreat
117
What is a storm hydrograph?
A graph which shows the change in both rainfall and discharge from a river following a storm
118
Define the term stump
A short piece of rock found at the end of a headland formed after a stack has collapsed
119
Define surface runoff
Water running across the land surface into streams and rivers
120
Define suspension
The process where small particles of sediment are held up and carried along by moving water
121
Define swash
The movement of a breaking wave up a beach
122
What is throughflow?
The flow of rainwater sideways through the soil, towards the river
123
Define traction
The transport of sediment along a river bed or the sea floor through a rolling action
124
Define the term 'transportation'
The movement of sediment by rivers, glaciers or waves
125
What is a tributary?
A stream or small river that joins a larger one
126
Define a tsunami
Giant sea wave travelling at high speed
127
What is a V-shaped valley?
A valley with a V-shaped cross-section formed by river erosion
128
Define velocity
The speed at which a river flows; river velocity is often measured in metres per second
129
Define vertical erosion
Downward erosion of the river bed
130
What is a wave cut notch?
A small overhang at the base of the cliff formed where wave action is greatest
131
What is a wave cut platform?
A flat area of rock at the bottom of cliffs seen at low tide
132
Define the term weathering
The breakdown and decay of rock by natural processes acting on rocks, on cliffs and valley sides
133
Define acid precipitation
Also called acid rain, when industrial air pollution causes water vapour in the atmosphere to become acidic and fall as acid precipitation
134
Define basalt
A dark coloured colonic rock. Molten basalt spreads rapidly and is widespread. About 70% of the earths surface is covered in basalt lava flows
135
Define the term 'cave'
A hollow at the base of a cliff which has been eroded backwards by waves
136
Define the term 'cross-section'
A diagram showing the shape of a feature or landscape as if it was cut through sideways
137
Define the term 'fetch'
The distance a wave has travelled towards the coastline over open water, the longer the fetch the more powerful the wave
138
What are impermeable rocks?
Rocks that are impermeable, like clay, do not allow water to pass through them
139
What is infiltration?
The process whereby water soaks into the soil and rock
140
What is the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)?
A way to manage the coast and the land behind it sustainably, by involving everyone involved in using it
141
Define interception
The process where vegetation catches rainfall on its leaves and branches
142
Define kinetic energy
Energy generated as a result of movement
143
What is mass movement?
The movement of a material down a slope due to gravity
144
Define permeable
Rocks that are permeable, like chalk, allow water to pass through them
145
Define the term 'thalweg'
The line of the fastest flow along the course of the river
146
What is transpiration?
The release of water vapour through a plant's leaves
147
What is thermal expansion?
As a result of heating, expansion occurs. When sea water warms up it expands.
148
Define aftershocks
Aftershocks follow an earthquake as the fault 'settles' into its new position
149
What is Andesitic lava?
A thick and sticky lava erupted from composite volcanoes
150
What is the asthenosphere?
Part of the Earths' mantle. It is a hot, semi-molten layer that lies beneath the tectonic plates
151
What are base isolators?
Flexible pads on which a building is built to help it withstand earthquakes by isolating it from the moving ground
152
Define basaltic lava
Lava that is low in silica, fluid that flows easily
153
What is the collision zone?
Where two tectonic plates collide - forming mountains like the Himalayas
154
What is a composite volcano?
A steep-sided volcano that is made up of a variety of materials, such as lava and ash
155
Define a conservative plate boundary
Where two plates are sliding alongside each other
156
What is continental crust?
Thick crust forming the Earth's land masses
157
What are convection currents?
Circular current of heat in the mantle
158
What happens at a convergent plate boundary?
Where two plates are moving towards each other, resulting in one plate sinking beneath the other
159
Define the core of the earth
The central part of the earth's structure, made up of a solid inner and a liquid outer core
160
What is the Coriolis effect?
The deflection of air movement by the Earth's rotation
161
Define the term 'crater'
A depression in the ground formed by volcanic activity, often circular in shape with steep sides
162
What is cross-bracing on a building?
A system of supports built diagonally inside buildings to help them withstand earthquakes
163
Define the crust
The outer layer of the Earth
164
Describe a cumulonimbus cloud
Very tall, dense clouds that often bring heavy rain, thunder and lightning
165
Define a divergent plate boundary
Where two plates are moving apart
166
Define an earthquake
A sudden and often violent shift in the rocks forming the Earth's crust, which is felt at the surface
167
Define the term 'effusive'
A type of eruption where runny lava flows steadily out of a fissure or vent
168
Define the epicentre
The point at the Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus
169
Define an escarpment
A continuous line of steep slopes above a gentle dip slope caused by the erosion of alternate strata
170
What does the term 'eye' mean in a tropical storm?
The centre of a tropical cyclone; an area of clear conditions created by air converging at the centre of the storm and then sinking
171
What is the eye wall?
A thick bank of cloud around the eye with high wind speeds and heavy rain
172
Define the term 'fault'
A fracture or break in rocks
173
What does the term fissure mean?
A crack in the crust which lava comes out of
174
What is the focus of an earthquake?
The point in the Earth's crust where the earthquake begins
175
What is a fold mountain?
Long, high mountain range formed by up-folding of sediments
176
Define geothermal
Heat from inside the earth
177
What is the global circulation model?
A theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a series of three cells each side of the equator
178
What is the hadley cell?
A circulation cell near the equator responsible for storms at the equator and desert belts north and south of the equator
179
What is a hazard?
A short-term event that threatens lives and property
180
What is a hotspot?
A section of the earth's crust where plumes of magma rise, weakening the crust; these are usually away from plate boundaries
181
Define an ice core
A section of ice drilled from a glacier showing the layers of ice created over time
182
Define jet stream
A fast-moving current of air in the upper atmosphere
183
What is a lahar?
A mudflow resulting from ash mixing with melting ice or water - a secondary hazard of a volcano
184
Define landfall
The point at which a tropical storm reaches land
185
Define lava
Molten rock that erupts from a volcano or fissure
186
What is a lava bomb?
Fragments of molten lava blown out of a volcano during an eruption
187
What is liquefaction?
The process where sediments shaken by an earthquake behave like a liquid and so lose strength
188
Define lithosphere
Make up of the earth's crust and upper mantle
189
Define magma
Semi-molten rock found in the mantle layer of the Earth
190
Define magma chamber
An underground pool of magma that feeds a volcano
191
Define magnitude
The quantifiable size of an event or piece of data (i.e. earthquake)
192
Define the mantle
The dense, mostly solid layer of the earth between the outer core and the crust
193
What is the mid-ocean ridge?
An underwater mountain range formed by diverging tectonic plates
194
What is the Milankovitch cycle?
A long-term change in the Earth's orbit that causes natural climate change
195
Define milibar
A unit of measurement of atmospheric pressure - 1000 millibars is approximately 'average' pressure
196
What is moment magnitude scale?
The scale usually used today to measure the strength of an earthquake
197
Define the term 'monsoon'
A seasonal prevailing wind in South and South East Asia; it blows from the south-west between May and September (the wet monsoon), and from the north-east between October and April (the dry monsoon)
198
What is oceanic crust?
The Earth's crust beneath the oceans, thinner but denser than continental crust
199
What is an ocean trench?
Deep section of the ocean, usually where an oceanic plate is sinking below a continental plate
200
Define the term 'pangea'
A supercontinent continent of the whole land area of the globe before being split up by continental drift
201
What is a plate boundary?
The margin at which two plates meet
202
Define the term 'plumes'
Upwelling of molten rock through the asthenosphere to the lithosphere
203
What is a polar cell?
A circulation cell furthest from the equator that brings cold air south towards the UK
204
Define prediction
Attempt to forecast an event ( where and when it will happen ) based on current knowledge
205
Define preparation
Organising activities and drills so that people know what to do if an earthquake happens
206
What is a primary hazard?
A hazard which is the direct result of an earthquake, volcano or cyclone
207
What is a primary impact?
The immediate effects of a natural hazard, caused directly by it
208
Define the term 'protection'
Constructing buildings so that they are safe to live in and will not collapse
209
What is pyroclastic flow?
A lethal hot mixture of broken rocks and gases that races down the sides of a volcano
210
What is the quaternary period?
The current period of geological time
211
What is radioactive decay?
The process where natural radioactive materials in the Earth's rock break down, giving out energy and heat as they do so
212
Define residual heat
The heat in the earths core remaining from its formation
213
What is the richter scale?
A numerical scale showing the magnitude of an earthquake based on readings from a seismometer
214
Define rift valley
A long, narrow valley created between two parallel faults caused by divergent tectonic plates
215
What is the saffir-simpson scale?
Scale that classifies hurricanes into five different categories according to their wind strength
216
Define secondary hazard
A hazard which occurs indirectly as a result of the primary impacts of a hazard
217
Define secondary impact
The knock-on, or indirect, effects of a volcanic eruption or earthquake that take place on a longer timescale
218
Define seismometer
An instrument that measures movements of the ground, especially during earthquakes.
219
What is a shield volcano?
A broad volcano that is mostly made up of lava
220
What is a shockwave?
Seismic wave generated by an earthquake that passes through the earth's crust
221
What is the source area?
The region in which a tropical storm first forms
222
What is a storm surge?
A rapid rise in the level of the sea caused by low pressure and strong winds
223
Define subduction
The process of one plate sinking beneath another
224
What is the subduction zone?
The zone where one tectonic plate sink (sub-ducts) under another
225
Define a supervolcano
A colossal volcano that erupts at least 1000 km3 of material
226
What is a tectonic plate?
Large areas of rock that make up the earth's crust
227
Define the term 'tectonic processes'
The theory related to the seismic movement of the earth's plates
228
What are the three P's
The collective term for prediction, protection and preperation
229
Define tiltmeter
An instrument that measures small changes in the angle of the ground or buildings
230
What is the track?
The path followed by a tropical cyclone
231
What are tree rings?
Marks on the inside of tree trunk's that show individual growing seasons. The thickness of the rings varies depending on climatic conditions during the seasons
232
What is a trench?
A long, deep depression in the ocean floor formed in the subduction zone between two tectonic plates
233
Define the term tropical cyclone
A weather system that forms over the ocean in tropical areas and can produce high winds and heavy rain
234
Describe the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
23 and a half degrees north and south of the equator; they are the farthest point north and south where the sun's rays strike the earth surface at 90 degrees
235
What is a vent?
An opening on the earth's surface which emits lava or gas
236
Define the term viscosity
The fluidity of a lava (or other substances) - how 'sticky' it is
237
Define the term 'vog'
Volcanic smog caused by sulphur dioxide mixing with sunlight, oxygen, water and dust particles
238
Define a volcano
Cone-shaped mountain formed by surface eruptions of magma from inside the earth
239
What is a volcanologist?
A geologist who studies volcanoes
240
Define Inter-tropical Convergence Zone
The Inter-tropical Convergence Zone is a belt of low pressure around the Earth just north and south of the Equator, where warm, moist trade winds come together
241
What are isobars?
Isobars are lines on a weather map that indicate areas of equal atmospheric pressure
242
Define latitude
how far north or south a location on the Earths surface is from the Equator, measured in degrees
243
Describe a cirrus cloud
A type of cloud that appears as thin wisp-like formations at high altitude
244
Define climate
The average weather conditions of an area occurring over many years
245
Define climate change
A long-term change in the Earth's climate, especially changes in temperature
246
What is a climate graph?
A graph showing the average temperature and rainfall at a particular place
247
What is the diurnal temperature range?
The difference between the highest day temperature and the lowest night temperature
248
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
The trapping of heat radiation around the Earth by excess greenhouse gases produced through human activity
249
Define Ferrell cell
Circulation cell that brings warm air north towards the UK
250
Define global warming
A rise in average global temperatures
251
Define greenhouse gases
Gases like carbon dioxide and methane that trap heat around the earth, leading to global warming
252
Define precipitation
Water vapour condensed in the atmosphere which falls as rain, snow, sleet or hail
253
Define relief
The height and shape of the land
254
What is remote sensing?
Using satellites or aerial photography to provide information on land use over large areas
255
Define stratosphere
The layer of air 10-50km above the earths surface
256
What is aid?
Assistance in the form of grants or loans at below market rates
257
Define air pollution
Adding harmful substances, such as carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere
258
What is arable farming?
The farming of crops like wheat and barley
259
Define birth rate
The number of live births per 1000 population per year
260
Define bottom up development
An approach to development that involves people and communities in decision-making, often involving small-scale projects for the poorest
261
Define the term BRICS
a group of large and influential emerging countries: Brazil (B), Russia (R), India (I), China (C), South Africa (S).
262
What does the term caste mean?
A traditional Indian system of segregation by birth and social class
263
What does closed economy mean?
A country which does little trade beyond its borders
264
What does colonialism mean?
Acquiring control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically
265
What is a colony?
A country or region under the political control of another country and occupied by settlers from that country
266
What is commercial agriculture?
Farming in which crops are grown for sale
267
What is communism?
Communism is a system of government, based on these theories of Karl Marx, which believes in sharing wealth between all people
268
What is the composite index?
An index, such as the HDI, which is calculated from several different measures
269
Define cultivation
The action of using the land for agricultural purposes
270
Define death rate
The number of deaths per 1000 population per year
271
Define debt
Money owed by a country to another country, to private creditors (e.g. commercial banks) or to international agencies such as the World Bank or IMF
272
What are demographic indicators?
Demographic indicator measures related to the population, such as birth and death rate and rate of natural increase demographically, transition a model of how countries' population structures often change over time as they develop
273
What is the dependancy theory?
A theory which blames the relative underdevelopment of the developing world on exploitation by the developed world, first through colonialism and then by neocolonialism
274
Define a developed country
A country with very high human development
275
Define a developing country
A country with low human development
276
Define the term development
The economic or social progress a country or people makes
277
What is the development gap?
The difference in income and the quality of life in general between the richest and poorest countries in the world
278
Define economic development
Improvements in a country's or people's employment, income and living standards
279
Define an emerging country
A country with high or medium human development
280
What is fair trade?
Farmers and producers in developing countries are given a fair deal by buyers in developed countries; prices paid are always higher than their costs of production
281
What is foreign direct investment (FDI)?
Overseas investment in physical capital by transnational corporations
282
What is formal employment?
Jobs where people work for regular pay, have employment rights and pay taxes
283
What does geopolitical influence mean?
The way in which a country's geography and economy affect its relations with other countries
284
What is the Gini coefficient?
A way of measuring inequality in a country: the higher the value of the Gini coefficent, the more unequal a country is
285
Define the green revolution
A 20th century development where new varieties of crops and better technology led to dramatic increases in crop yields in some developing countries
286
Define gross domestic product (GDP)
The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
287
Define Gross National income (GNI) per capita
The total income of the country, including that made outside the country by its companies and corporations, divided by the number of inhabitants, to give average income per person
288
Define Human Development Index (HDI)
a measure of people's quality of life using social measures of development, based on life expectancy, education and standard of living
289
Define the index of economic freedom
How open a country is to free-market capitalism (the index is devised by The Heritage Foundation)
290
Define the index of multiple deprivation (IMD)
measures 38 items grouped under seven main headings: income, employment, health, education, crime, access to services and living environment
291
Define infant mortality
The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births per year
292
Define informal employment
Unofficial work, often without regular pay and employment rights (or payment of taxes)
293
Define intermediate technology
Often small-scale technology that the local community can use without too much training or high costs
294
Define what levels of development means
A country's wealth and its social and political progress
295
Define life expectancy
Average number of years that a newborn child can expect to live
296
Define maternal mortality rate
The annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births
297
Define micro-edit / micro-finance
Tiny loans and financial services to help the poor - mostly women - start businesses and escape poverty
298
What is the modernisation theory?
A theory based on the economic history of a number of developed countries, which go through distinct economic and social changes and move from one stage to another
299
Define natural population decrease
Death rate higher than birth rate, declining the population
300
Define natural population increase
Birth rate higher than death rate, growing the population
301
Define neo-colonialism
The dominance of poor countries by rich countries, not by direct political control (as in colonialism), but by economic power and cultural influence
302
Define population density
The average number of people in a given area, expressed as people per km2
303
Define population structure
The make-up (age and sex) of a population, usually shown in a population pyramid
304
What does political development mean?
Improvements in a country's system of government, or the involvement of the people, for example through greater democracy
305
Define the term poverty line
The minimum level of income required to meet a persons basic needs (US$ 1.25)
306
Define the term slum
A run-down and often overcrowded urban area with poor quality housing and services
307
What does social development mean?
Improvements in people's lives in health, education and culture
308
Define socialism
A means of social organisation in which the main sectors of the economy are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies
309
What does the term top down development mean?
An approach to development where decisions are made by governments or large companies, sometimes with little consultation; such programmes often involve large-scale, expensive projects
310
Define capitalism
The social and economic system which relies on the market mechanism to distribute the factors of production (land, labour, capital) in the most efficient way
311
Define the Corruption Perceptions Index
A ranking of countries according to perceived levels of corruption
312
What is free trade?
The free flow of goods and services without restriction of tariffs
313
Define hydro-electrical power
The use of fast flowing water to turn turbines which produce electricity
314
Define international aid
The giving of resources (money, food, goods, technology) by one country or organisation to another poorer country
315
What is an open economy?
A country with few trade barriers, which encourages trade with other countries
316
Define purchasing power parity (PPP)
a way of adjusting Gross National Income to allow for the differences in what US$1 can buy in different countries
317
Define remittance
Money sent back by migrants to their families in the home community or country
318
What does replacement level fertility mean?
The level at which each generation has just enough children to replace themselves
319
Define subsistence agriculture
Farming in which crops are grown for the farmer's own use, to feed their family
320
Define sustainable development
Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising (limiting) the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
321
Define total fertility rate
The average number of children born per woman in a country
322
Define the term yield
The amount of crops produced by a particular area of land
323
Define the central business district (CBD)
The central area of a city, where land use is dominated by department stores, specialist and variety good stores, offices, cinemas, theatres and hotels
324
Define a conurbation
An area in which a number of existing urban areas have grown and merged into a single large urban area
325
What is counter-urbanisation?
The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural areas located beyond the city, or to more distant towns and cities
326
Define decentralisation
The movement of people, factories, offices and shops away from city centres to suburban and edge-of-city locations
327
What is de-industrialisation?
The decline of industrial activity in a region or in an economy
328
Define density
The number of people or things per unit area
329
Define depopulation
Decline of total population of an area
330
What is deprivation?
Lack of wealth and services. It usually means low standards of living caused by low income, poor health and low qualifications
331
What is the economic core?
The centre of a country or region economically, where businesses thrive, people have opportunities and are relatively wealthy; a highly developed area
332
What is the economic periphery?
The edge of a country or region in terms of economics; a more remote, difficult area where people tend to be poorer and have fewer opportunities; a less well developed area
333
Define gentrification
Higher income earners moving into run-down areas to be closer to their workplace, often resulting in the rehabilitation and regeneration of the area to conform with middle class lifestyles
334
Define industrialisation
The move from an economy dominated by the primary sector to one dominated by manufacturing (the secondary sector)
335
What is infrastructure?
The basic services such as roads and power supplies which are needed to keep a country or region running
336
Define the term migrate
The process of people changing their place of residence, either within or between countries; the process of movement of features such as meanders
337
What is a population pyramid?
A bar chart arranged vertically, which shows the distribution of a population by age and sex
338
Define re-urbanisation
The movement of people back towards the city
339
Define rural-urban fringe
The area where a town or city meets the countryside
340
What is rural-urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to towns and cities
340
Define the term 'site'
The actual location of a settlement on the earth, composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area
341
Define the term 'situation'
The location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places
342
Define studentification
Communities benefitting from local universities which provide employment opportunities and large groups of students to regenerate an area, such as pubs/shops/buy-to-lets
343
Define suburbanisation
The outward spread of the built-up area, often at a lower density compared with the older parts of the town
344
What is the urban-rural fringe?
The area around the edge of a city where urban and rural land uses mix
345
Define the term diversification
When a business (e.g farm) decides to sell other products or services in order to survive or grow
346
Define 'ecological footprint'
A measure of the impact of human activities, expressed as the area of productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and the wastes generated
347
Define the term quality of life
The degree to well-being (physical and psychological) felt by an individual or group of people in a particular area. This may relate to jobs, wages, food and access to services such as health and education
348
Define sustainable
Able to continue without causing damage to the environment
349
Define annotate
To add notes and explanations to a photograph, map or diagram
350
Define bivariate data
Data with two sets of variables
351
Define contour
A line on a map joining places of equal height above sea level
352
Define correlation
When two variables in the data set are linked
353
Define frequency
The number of times an event or data value occurs
354
What are geographical information systems (GIS)?
A form of electronic mapping that builds up maps layer by layer
355
What is a grid reference?
A four or a six figure reference number used to locate features on an OS map
356
What is the inter-quartile range?
The differences between the upper and lower quartiles
357
What is the line of best fit?
A line going through the middle of the points on a scatter graph
358
What is the lower quartile?
Divides the bottom half of the data in two halves; the bottom quarter of a set of values
359
Define the term 'mean'
The sum of the data values divided by their number, often called the average
360
Define median
The middle values when a set of values in a data set is written in order
361
Define modal
The most frequent class in a data set
362
Define mode
The most frequent value in a data set
363
What is primary data?
Data that you collect first hand
364
Define proportion
Expresses one part as a fraction of the whole
365
Define qualitative data
Data without numbers based on people's opinions or ideas, for example an interview or field sketch
366
Define quantitative data
Contains numbers and figures, for example a pedestrian count
367
Define quintile
A way of analysing the distribution of income in a country for each fifth ( quintile ) of the population
368
What is random sampling?
Data that is collected so each has an equal chance of being selected, for example by using random numbers
369
Define range
The difference between the smallest and biggest values
370
Define ratio
Shows the number of times one value occurs compared with another
371
What is a scale?
The relationship between dimensions on a map or diagram to those in the real world. On OS maps this is shown as 1:25,000 or 1:50,000
372
Define secondary data
Data that has been collected and published by someone else
373
Define spatial
How features, resources and activities are arranged on the Earth's surface
374
Define stratified sampling of data
Data that is collected from different parts of a population, for example: different age groups
375
Define systematic sampling of data
Data that is collected at regular intervals, for example: every 500 metres
376
Define the term 'trend'
General direction of change
377
What is the upper quartile?
Divides the top half of the data in two halves, the top quarter of a set of values
378
What is a variable?
A number or amount that can be measured and can change in value
Mocks/gcse Revision
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