1
Q
What are the three things the catholic church teaches that sex should be
A
-martial
-unitive
-procreative
2
Q
Sex should be martial meaning:
A
Sex and love is a gift from God
Marriage is the ultimate commitment, as vows are made before God
3
Q
Sex should be unitive meaning
A
Sex unites the couple and deepens their love
They become closer and more comitted
They fully give themselves to one another
4
Q
Sex should be procreative meaning
A
New life is created via sex
There is more intensity in self giving when open to new life
5
Q
Genesis 1;27
A
God created man in his own image, male and female he created them
6
Q
What does god creating humans in his own image show
A
Human life is the most important to god
Men and women are equal
7
Q
Arguments against sex outside marriage in pope john pauls theology of the body
A
Can leed to seeing other people as objects
Adultery breaks vows
Using contraception goes against gods plan and contradicts sex as procreative
8
Q
Quotes on sex as martial
A
Genesis 2:24 “Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife and they become one flesh”
9
Q
Quote on sex as unitive
A
Mark 10:8 “the two shall become one flesh”
10
Q
Quote on sex as procreative
A
“Be fruitful and multiply” genesis 1:28
11
Q
Pope john pauls THEOlogy of the body-sex within marriage
A
Unites a couple
Shows respect leading to greater intimacy
Gives possibility of new life
Can use women’s natural cycle to reduce chance of pregnancy
12
Q
Contrasting beliefs to pope john Paul’s theology of the body
A
Casual sex is acceptable because people can choose what to do with their body
• Sex had more than three purposes e.g. sex for pleasure
• Artificial contraceptives allow a person to prevent pregnancy and reduce risk of
STI’s
13
Q
Catholic church views on homosexuality
A
-Couples of the same sex cannot reproduce naturally → Church believes that all sexual acts should be open to the possibility of new life
• Homosexual sexual activity is not acceptable in the eyes of the Church
• The Church accepts that some people are homosexual, the Church believes they should lead celibate lives (should not have sex)
14
Q
Contrasting views on homosexuality
A
-Same sex marriage became legal in england in 2014
-Church of eng supports same sex civil partnerships
-Many people in society believe that people who are homosexual should be given the same rights as everyone else, including being able to be married
15
Q
Pope francis on homosexuality
A
“If a person is gay and seeks god … who am i to judge”
16
Q
What else does the catholic church believe about homosexuality
A
All people are loved by god
(We are all made in gods image)
17
Q
First three vows of a catholic marriage
A
- Married of free will
- Must not have been married to anyone living, must not be a priest
- Must be consent
18
Q
4th 5th and 6th marriage vows
A
- Couple must promise to be committed to one another
- Must be made in the presence of a catholic priest
- Must be willing to accept children
19
Q
Final 2 marriage vows
A
- Must not be closely related
- Couple must give themselves to one another physically through sex
20
Q
What happens if one of the partners did not understand/ meet the requirements of the vows
A
An annulment can be granted, meaning the marriage will be cancelled
21
Q
Quote showing only death can end a marriage
A
till death do us part
22
Q
Cohabitation:
A
Cohabitation is a couple living together and having a sexual relationship without being married to one another
23
Q
Catholic Church’s View on cohabitation
A
Contradicts idea that sex is a gift reserved for marriage
Removes sense of commitment
Goes against traditional concept of a family
24
Q
Contrasting views on cohabitation
A
-Might make sense financially
-Can be used by couples to test if they truly like one another before committing to marriage
-You can still be in a committed relationship without the bonding if marriage
-Some couples cohabit while theyare planning for their weddin
25
Divorce
Legal ending of a marriage
26
Is divorce recognised by the catholic church, why/why not
Divorce is not recognised or supported by the Catholic Church.
• Marriage promises made by God cannot be broken →“What God has joined together, let no one separate” (Mark 10:9)
• Marriage promises say ‘till death do us part
27
Contrasting views on divorce
Impossible to know what the future holds
Can be a safe solution
People can change quickly
28
Annulment
Annulment - a statement made by the Catholic Church that there was no valid marriage in the first place
29
Remarriage
When a person who has been married before goes on to marry another person
30
In what case with the catholic church is remarriage acceptable
The church believes this is acceptable if the partner has died
“a new union cannot be recognised as
valid, if the first marriage was.” CCC
31
Contrasting views on remarriage
• Some other Christians do not encourage remarriage but will sometimes marry divorcees
• Most Protestant Churches will not stop those who remarry from receiving communion
32
The catholic church belief on contraception
Do not agree with this
Pope francis said you can try and track a womans menstrual cycle
33
Nuclear family:
families that consist of a married man & woman and
their biological children.
34
Single parent family
Father or mother singly responsible for raising a child/children
35
Extended family
Includes grandparents and other relatives
36
Same sex families
Families where the parents are the same sex
37
Role of a wife in the family according to the church
Wives, be subject to your husbands as you are to the
Lord
38
Husband role in family
Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved
the Church
39
Children role in family
Children, obey your parents
40
Catholic church view on families with same sex parents/single parents
Procreation should take place between a man and a woman
A mother and father are needed to raise a child
Single parenting is not encouraged
41
Contrasting views on same sex parenting/ single parent parenting
Widely acceptable in uk
Love between parents and children is what really matters
42
Is there gender equality in the bible
Yes
God created men and woman equal "in his image"
Men and woman are two equal parts that compliment each other
43
Quote showing men and women are equal in the bible
…there is no longer male and female; for all of
you are one in Christ Jesus” (Galatians 3:28)
44
Catholic church teaching on equality in men and women
They are equal, but that does not mean they should be treated the same
Have different roles. E.g women cant be priests
45
Contrasting views on equality of men and women
Treating men and women as equal means allowing equal opportunities
Men and women are equally capable of one another's roles
46
Catholic view of gender discrimination
Do not support the gender pay gap-"women have the same rights, the disparity is a pure scandal"
Men and women should be able to fill particular roles
47
Non religious views on gender discrimination
Men and woman should have equal pay
Some view catholic view on priests as discrimination
Some allow women priests
There is a need for positive discrimination to balance this situation
48
Quotes that are for war:
‘Eye for eye, tooth for tooth’ (Exodus 21) and ‘Prepare for war’ (Joel 3;9)
49
Quotes that are against war:
‘Blessed are the peacemakers’ (Matthew 5:9) ‘Do not murder’ (Exodus 20)
50
Quote for catholic view on weapons of mass destruction
‘No victors only victims’ Pope Benedict
51
Quotes on catholic view on sin
Sin is lurking at the door…you must master it (Genesis 4:7)
No one can blame the tongue – a restless evil, full of deadly poison (James 3:3-12)
52
Quote for catholic view on forgiveness?
'Peter asked Jesus how many times should he forgive his brother? 7 Times? Jesus says ‘seventy times seven’ = we should always forgive' (Matthew 18)
‘Forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who
trespass against us’
'Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute
you' (Mt 5:43-44)
53
Quote for catholic view on righteous anger
Jesus getting angry in the temple
54
What is the just war theory conditions?
1. The war must be started and controlled by a proper authority
2. There must be a just cause
3. The war must be for the right reason
4. The war must be a last resort
5.Proportionality - benefits of war must be greater than the harm caused
6. There should be a reasonable chance of success
55
Quote for catholic view on anger?
Sermon on the mount says ‘if you are angry with a brother or sister, you are liable to judgement.’
56
Quote for catholic view on conflict resolution
'Peace is not merely a gift…but a task to be undertaken'- Pope Benedict
57
Quote for catholic view on terrorism
‘Terrorism, threatens, wounds, and kills indiscriminately; it is gravely against justice & charity’ (CCC)
58
What is taught about violence in the bible?
In the bible, they teach us that all violence is considered an offence against God and against humanity.
59
4 types of bullying:
Online bullying/financial bullying/physical bullying/sexual bullying
60
Story of Cain and Abel (Genesis 4:5-11)
-Cain was jealous of his brother Abel
-God said to Cain 'Sin is lurking at the door.....You must master it'. Cain's angry, jealous thoughts led him to violence.
-Cain plotted to kill his brother out in the field. 'Cain rose up against his brother Abel and killed him.'
-God said to Cain 'your brother's blood is crying out to me from the ground.'
61
What does Cain and Abel teach christians?
The story teaches Christians that feelings of anger and jealousy can lead us to act sinfully. God's reaction to what Cain does shows us that violence goes against what God wants for the world.
62
What does Jesus teach about the power of the tongue?
He teaches that the power of the tongue and words can do great damage. As a result, Christians should be careful what they say to others because their words can have a lasting effect on other people and in return damage our relationship with other people and God.
63
What is taught about murder?
'You shall not murder, and anyone who murders will be subject to judgement'
64
Catholic teaching on forgiveness
God forgives us, so out of gratitude, we should forgive others
65
What does reconciliation bring?
-respect for other peoples beliefs
-appreciation and acceptation... peace
-a stronger relationship
66
What does Jesus teach about reconciliation ?
Jesus taught that people should be reconciled to each other before praising God
67
Quote on reconciliation
'Peace I leave with you; my peace I give
you’ Matthew 5:23
68
Define justice and injustice
Justice : fairness for all people
Injustice : lack of justice
69
Examples of injustice:
-Wind rush scandal
-Genocide
-Child labour
-Discrimination
-Racism
70
What is righteous anger?
Righteous (right) anger is anger against an injustice
71
What does Jesus teach about righteous anger?
1. Jesus taught anger should be avoided if possible
2. But Jesus showed righteous anger (cleansing of Temple)
3. Most Christians believe righteous anger is acceptable if
it is because of an injustice
4. Must be positive action to improve a situation
72
Most Christians are against violent protest because....
1. It is illegal
2. It is ineffective
3. Innocent people can die
4. Peaceful protest works (MLK)
73
Potential christian views that are FOR violent protest...
• It is sometimes necessary - to make a government take notice
• For example, the suffragette movement in Britain
74
Contrasting christian views on going to war:
• Taking human life goes against the commandment ‘do not
murder’ and the Sanctity of Life.
• However, the Catholic Church teaches that it is sometimes
necessary to go to war e.g. to protect innocent people.
• They follow the Just War Theory…a set of conditions (rules) that must be met for a war to be justified…
75
Who devised the Just War Theory?
St Thomas Aquinas, a christian monk who lived in the thirteenth century.
76
What does the old testament include?
The Old Testament has a great deal of war and violence because:
• It is telling the story of God’s ‘chosen people’ - the Israelites – and their fight to establish themselves in the ‘Promised Land’
77
Quotes to show the old testament is FOR peace
‘Nations will never again go to war’ (Isaiah 2-4)
78
Quotes for against violence
"If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.” (Matthew 5:38-39)
‘Put your sword away, for he who lives by the sword shall died by the sword’ (Luke 26:51)
“Love your enemies and pray for those who hurt you.”
79
Strengths and weaknesses of the Just War Theory?
Strengths:
-makes country's think before going to war.
-stops unnecessary or unjust wars.
Weaknesses:
-it's justifying war and condoning murder
80
What is pacifism?
The belief that war or violence is wrong and should never be used
81
What is a dictator?
A ruler who uses power unjustly
82
Who were The Quakers?
A christian group - famous pacifists, and conscientious objectors during war.
83
Strengths and weaknesses of the Just War Theory
Strengths:
-makes country's think before going to war.
-stops unnecessary or unjust wars
Weaknesses:
-its justifying war and condoning murder
84
Pacifism is..
The belief that war or violence is wrong and should never be used
85
A dictator is...
A ruler who uses power unjustly
86
Who are quakers?
A christian group - famous pacifists, and conscientious objectors during war
87
What does the old testament contain?
The Old Testament has a great deal of war and violence.
• It is telling the story of God’s ‘chosen people’ - the Israelites – and their fight to establish themselves in the ‘Promised Land’.
88
Catholic quotes for pacifism
"If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to
him the other also.” (Matthew 5:38-39)
‘Put your sword away, for he who lives by the sword
shall died by the sword’ (Luke 26:51)
89
Views on 'does religion cause war'
Yes - ‘Holy war’:
1. A war fought for a religious goal
2. Must be approved by a religious leader
3. A belief that God is on your side
Example: the Crusades
These ideas do not feature in today’s Christian belief
90
Other reasons (other than religion) for going to war
• To gain power, land, resources (oil)…
• Defend innocent people
• Retaliation (revenge)
• To depose or stop a dictator …defend human rights
• Defend our allies
• Political differences
• Self-defence
91
Catholic views on nuclear war
• The effects are indiscriminate– innocent people die… its not a just war
• Causes tension and fear – makes the world less safe
• Causes severe damage to the environment
• Hiroshima/Nagasaki had a terrible effect on survivors…. starvation, disease… cancer, still births etc.
• Cost is huge - better spent on schools/NHS
92
Contrasting views on nuclear war
• We need nuclear weapons to deter attacks (Britain has no intention to use theirs)
• We need them for self-defence – other countries have them, e.g. India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea
• They are a symbol of Britain’s role in the world
93
Consequences of modern warfare
• Refugees
• Civilian deaths and injuries
• Environmental damage
• Trauma
• Child soldiers
• Destruction of a country’s economy….etc
94
What is a refugee?
A refugee is a person forced to leave their home country to escape persecution, often due to war, torture, slavery, race, religion, political opinion, gender identity etc.
95
An asylum seeker is...
Someone who is hoping and waiting to receive refugee status, meaning they can stay in the country
96
Catholic view on terrorism
Catholic church opposes the use of terror in any situation
97
Bible teachings on violence and terrorism
• St Paul says that we should ‘obey the authorities’
• St Paul tells us ‘never take vengeance’
… suggesting that violence and terrorism is always wrong
98
Contrasting views on terrorism
The Jewish Maccabees used terrorist attacks against authorities who were trying to force them to give up Judaism. If they had not, Judaism might not have survived. Mandela turned to terrorism in order to fight the racist apartheid system - because the government weren’t listening.
99
Terrorism in Britain today
• Terrorists have a distorted, incorrect view of what God wants
• Their actions have been completely rejected by the religion they claim to represent
• Christian and Muslim leaders stand together against terrorism
100
What is radicalisation?
Extreme views - unwilling to see alternative views. May lead to terrorism – threat to society
101
How do people become radicalised?
Younger people living in deprived areas are the most vulnerable – feel rejected by society
102
Catholic view on radicalisation
Catholic teaching is that we must solve INEQUALITY
(we need equal opportunities to jobs, housing, education
etc)
103
What is a martyr?
Martyr = someone who suffers violence or death for refusing to give up their faith. Highly valued by the
Catholic Church:
Oscar Romero
St Stephen
St Alban
Maximilian Kolbe etc.
104
Catholic views on suicide bombers
The Catholic Church do not accept that suicide bombers, who die in the name of their religion, are martyrs.
105
Catholic teaching on torture
Torture… is contrary to respect for the person and for human dignity- Catechism of the Catholic Church
106
Contrasting views on torture
Against:
-A denial of human rights
-A rejection of the sanctity of life and ‘love your neighbour’
-It’s illegal
-It causes deep psychological trauma
-The information obtained is unreliable (people lie/won’t talk)
For:
-It could save more lives….prevent further terrorist attacks – the lesser of two evils
107
How religion can help in modern conflicts?
1. The Pope - held a prayer meeting between Israel & Palestine leaders.
2. Catholic organisations – Aid to the Church in need provide shelter, food, medicine to victims of Syrian war . CAFOD set up orphanages for former child soldiers
3. Individuals – donate money to charities, volunteer,
prayer.
108
Catholic organisations that work for peace:
Pax Christi:
• Works in more than 50 countries to establish peace
• Gets involved in disputes early– to prevent violence
• Encourages fairness & justice.
Justice & Peace Commission:
• Campaigns to remove nuclear weapons from the world
• .....to reduce the arms trade
• Raises awareness of human rights abuse
109
What is the Tenakh?
The ‘Jewish Bible’ or sacred scriptures are known as the Tenakh. It consists of 24 books grouped into 3 main parts:
• Torah - Law (first 5 books, e.g. Genesis)
• Nebi’im - Prophets e.g. Jeremiah
• Ketuim - Writings e.g. Psalms
110
What is the Talmud? ( Mishnah and Gemara)
Talmud = explanation of the Torah by the rabbis, also called the ‘oral law’.
For Orthodox Jews, the Torah and Talmud are considered
to be the source of all Jewish laws and therefore affect
their daily lives. Reform Jews do not view them with the same absolute authority, and so do not study them like Orthodox Jews.
111
What are the 3 categories of jewish belief?
Orthodox Jews:
-Strictly, follows laws and practices in the Torah
Ultra-orthodox:
-....very strictly follows laws and practices in the Torah
Reform Jews:
-tend to follow the spirit of the law – not the specific laws
112
What is The Shema?
“Hear, O Isreal! The Lord is our God, the Lord alone. You shall love the Lord your God with all your hear and your own soul and with all your might” - (Deuteronomy 6:4-5) - Confirms there is one God. God is single, whole, indivisible, eternal. Loving God requires total loyalty. A spiritual dedication to God is needed.
113
Eternal meaning:
Has no beginning or end
114
Nature of God - God as ONE:
God as ONE, 'Hear, o Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord alone’ (Deuteronomy 6:4-5) SHEMA
• Single, whole, indivisible being
• Everything is created and sustained by one God
• Only being who should be worshipped
• Shema shows we should love and be dedicated to God
• Source of all morality, beliefs, values
115
Nature of God - God as CREATOR:
God as CREATOR - 'God created the heavens and the earth’ (Genesis 1:1)
• Created the universe with the ability to support life
• Created all living things
• ‘Rested’ and made the seventh day holy
• Sustains life on earth. He provides all the resources needed for life on earth the survive
• God created everything, including evil which is a necessary consequence of free will
116
Nature of God - God as LAWGIVER:
• Gave the Jews 613 mitzvot (laws)
• He expects people to follow to help them love/worship him/love each other/teach them how to behave
117
Nature of God - God as JUDGE:
• Judges people on how well they follow the laws he gave
• Judgements are considered to be merciful (fair)
118
Gods qualities:
His other qualities are:
• Omnipotent - All-powerful
• Omniscient - All-knowing
• Omnipresent - Everywhere at all times
• Eternal - Everlasting
• Merciful - Shows compassion and forgiveness to humans
119
What is the Shekhinah?
• It is the belief that God focuses his presence in a certain place.
• It is not that God is ‘more present’ or split in to parts but that the connection with God is more readily perceivable/experienced.
• Jews believed that God’s presence (Shekhinah) was focused in the Temple but this was destroyed in 70 AD.
• The Talmud teaches that God's presence is brought into a place by doing good things including study, praying, and fulfilling the mitzvot.
120
Jewish belief on life after death:
• Tenakh does not contain much info about afterlife
• Difference in beliefs among Jews
• Jews are not too concerned with life after death, they think it is more important to focus on the present
121
Jewish belief on Heaven and Sheol:
- Many Jews believe if they follow the faith correctly = heaven/paradise (Gan Eden)
- Not known if heaven is a place or a state
- Some Jews believe those who do not go to heaven go to Sheol - a waiting place where souls are cleansed
- Some Jews believe souls that do not go to heaven cease to exist after a period of time.
122
Jewish belief on Judgement and Resurrection
- Some jews believe that they will be judged by God as soon as they die, 'The lifebreath returns to God.’
- Others believe God will judge on the Day of Judgement, after the coming of the Messiah, "Many of those that sleep … will awake, some to eternal life, others … to everlasting abhorrence”
- Some Jews believe in physical or spiritual resurrection, but many do not
123
Messiah means...
"The anointed one"
124
Role of the messiah in jewish belief:
The messiah is the one who will be anointed as King at the End of Days or Messianic age.
125
Orthodox Jewish Beliefs about the nature and role of the messiah:
• Messiah will be a person who is a descendant of King David
• In every generation there is a descendent of King David who has the potential to be the Messiah if the Jews are worthy.
• This person will be directed by God to become the Messiah
• Encourages Jews to work harder at making the world a more fair place and to follow Jewish law more enthusiastically
• Messiah will gather Jews back to Israel, re-establish government
• Messiah will rebuild the Temple
• Will bring world peace and unite humanity
• Will rule over humanity with justice and kindness
126
Reform Jewish Beliefs about the nature and role of the messiah:
• Messiah is metaphor, not a literal person
• Believe in a future Messianic age, achieved through people working together to achieve peace
• It is a means to encourage Jews to work harder at making the world a more fair place.
127
Christian Beliefs about the nature and role of the messiah:
• Believe the Messiah was Jesus
• Believe this because his death lead to the salvation of humanity
• He established the Kingdom of God
• He will come again at the end of time to complete the Kingdom of God (Messianic age)
128
What is a covenant?
A covenant is an agreement between God and a person (made on behalf of the rest of the Jews)
129
What was the covenant between God and Abraham?
• God promised Abraham to make him a father of many nations
• He required Abraham to follow his teachings
• The covenant was sealed by Abraham being circumcised and by agreeing to circumcise all the males in his household
• God gave Abraham a child he had waited many years for, this child was seen as a gift to mark the start of the covenant
130
Story of Moses:
• Jews were enslaved in Egypt
• God chose Moses to lead their escape so they could return to Canaan
• God sent plagues to Egypt and Pharaoh finally agrees to allow the slaves to go
• Jews wandered in the desert for many years
• At Mount Sinai, Moses went up and was given the Ten
Commandments which Moses carried down to the Jews
131
What are the ten commandments in jewish belief?
• Form foundation of Jewish law
• Help Jews to have a good relationship with God (first four
commandments) and with others (the last six commandments)
• Basis of the covenant
• In the covenant, God agreed to protect the Jews/be their God and in return the Jews would have to obey his laws
• Reason why Jews believe they are God’s chosen people
132
Justice in jewish belief:
Justice - bringing about what is right and fair/making up for wrongs that have been committed.
• Believe that justice is a sacred duty
• Believe that they should never ignore the suffering of others and they nave a duty to right what is wrong in the world
• Example is through giving 10% of their income to charity
133
Kindness to others in jewish belief:
Kindness to others – positive, caring actions that should be shown to all living things
• Believe that showing kindness to others can be done by visiting the sick, comforting people in mourning, providing appropriate burial for the dead, throwing a wedding etc
• Done with the body as well as with money, for the rich as well as the poor, and for the dead as well as the living
134
Healing the world in Jewish belief:
Healing the world – being involved in God’s work to sustain the world
• Believe that God requires humanity to complete the work of creating a world that is whole.
• Believe that people should try to repair all that is broken about society. This can involve social justice or trying to preserve the environment
135
What is the sanctity of life in jewish belief?
Sanctity of life - the belief that all life is holy as it was created by God.
-Jews believe in the sanctity of life because God ‘breathed
life in to Adam’ and into the whole of creation. Therefore, life is holy and should be protected.
-Only God has the right to take life away
-Jews believe therefore that preserving life is a duty and should not quicken a person's death e.g. Jews are against active euthanasia
-"He who destroys one soul of a human being, the Scripture considers him as if he should destroy a whole world"
136
What is Pikuach Nefesh?
Pikuach Nefesh - the obligation to save a life, even if doing so breaks Jewish law
• For example, Jews can work on Shabbat as long as it is to save life
137
What are the Mitzvot?
Mitzvot - Jewish rules or commandments
138
How many mitzvoth are there?
There are 613 mitzvot
-There are 248 positive mitzvoth which are commandments telling jews what they should do
-There are 365 negative mitzvoth which are commandments telling Jews what they should not do
139
Jewish belief on free will
• Jews believe that God has given them the free will to make their own choices
• This does not mean people can do whatever they want without consequences
• Good actions = a life of fulfilment, bring Jews closer to God and ensure they are judged favourably by him
• Bad actions = not being close to God in life or after death
• In Genesis 3, Adam and Eve use their free will to disobey God and eat from the tree. They were banished from the Garden of Eden showing that humans have a choice but there are serious consequences when we disobey God.
140
Jewish belief about the Mitvot:
If Jews follow the mitzvot caretully, it is impossible to disobey God/ helps Jews to use their free will correctly/live they way that God wants them to live.
141
What are the two types of mitzvot?
Mitzvot between man and God (mitzvot based on the first four of the 10 Commandments):
- Teaches Jews how to worship God correctly
Mitzvot between man and man (based on the rest of the 10 Commandments):
- Teach Jews how to love their neighbour which in turn pleases God
142
What is a synagogue?
The jewish place of worship
143
What is the star of David?
The symbol of judaism
144
What is the ark?
Cupboard that houses the Torah scrolls – the most important feature in the synagogue.
145
What are the ten commandments in the synagogue?
These decorate the Ark, reminding Jews of their most important rules.
146
What is the Bimah?
Platform in the centre of the synagogue. The Torah scrolls are read from here.
147
What is the menorah?
A seven-branched candlestick – representing each day of God’s creation
148
What is the Ner Tamid?
Eternal light. Always burning. It shows God is always present.
149
What do stained glass windows show?
They show important symbols of faith
150
What is the gallery in synagogues?
In Orthodox synagogues the seating area upstairs is just for women.
151
Worship in Orthodox synagogues:
• Daily services
• Services in Hebrew
• Rabbi has his back to the congregation
• Men & women sit separately
• Congregation may arrive late
• Men always cover their heads
• Singing is unaccompanied
152
Worship in Reform synagogues:
• Services only on Shabbat & festivals (not daily)
• Services in Hebrew and English
• Rabbi faces congregation
• Men & women sit together
• Shorter, structured services
• Most men wear a kippah (and some women)
• Singing is accompanied by music
• Women perform all rituals ... can be a rabbi, publicly read the Torah etc
153
Prayer in the synagogue:
• Daily services
• Celebration of festivals
• Bar/Bat Mitzvahs, marriages etc.
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Study in the synagogue:
• Learn Hebrew (used in prayer)
• Prepare for Bar/Bat Mitzvahs
• Library to improve knowledge of Jewish faith
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Charity in the synagogue:
• Place to collect money/items for the poor
• Holds fundraising events e.g. for World Jewish Relief/natural disasters
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Socialising in the synagogue:
• Youth clubs
• Senior citizen clubs
• Music and drama groups
• Sports groups
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What is a Kippah?
A hat that is used by all jewish men to cover their heads when they pray as a sign of respect for God.
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What is a tallit?
A woollen shawl, shows the man is obeying God’s laws because each fringe (tzitzit) symbolises one of the 613 mitzvot given by God.
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What is the tefillin?
Two leather boxes, one is worn on the upper left arm and the other on the forehead. Each contains the Shema and wearing them shows that the person loves God with their heart and mind.
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What is a Minyan?
• Orthodox Jews pray three times a day - morning, afternoon and evening
• A minimum of ten adult males are required (Orthodox)
• Or a minimum of ten men and women (Reform tradition)
“Whenever ten are gathered for prayer the Shekhinah is there”
- The Talmud
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On weekdays, prayer services are held in the (Orthodox) synagogue. This consists of:
1. Opening prayers
2. Shema
3. Amidah
4. Final prayers
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What is the Amidah?
The Amidah is the central prayer of Jewish worship. Prayed in silence while standing and facing Jerusalem. Includes a series of blessings and thanksgiving.
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What are the aims/importance of prayer for jews?
• Communicate with God
• Become closer to God
• Focus your heart, mind and soul on God
• Strengthen the sense of Jewish community
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What is Shabbat?
The Jewish holy day - Sabbath. From sunset on Friday until sunset on Saturday every week
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What do Jews do during Shabbat?
A day to rest, enjoy family life and worship God. No work is done.
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(Exodus 35:3)
‘You shall not burn a fire in your dwelling (home) on the day of Shabbat.'
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What happens on Shabbat in the synagogue?
1. Every Friday evening there is a prayer service in the synagogue – often family friendly - stories, games, music
2. A further service in the synagogue on Saturday morning includes a reading from the Torah.
3. While the Torah is being read the congregation stand to remind them that the Israelites stood at the bottom of Mount Sinai when Moses returned with the Ten Commandments.
4. The Torah scrolls are then paraded around the synagogue –
giving people the opportunity to be close to God’s word.
5. Many touch the Torah with their tzitzit (tassels on their tallit)
and then touch their lips – showing that God’s words should be on their lips.
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What happens on Shabbat in the home?
• The house and meal are prepared - clean clothes.
• Wine and two loaves of challah bread are placed on the table.
• A female member of the family lights two candles before sunset.
• She then welcomes in Shabbat by waving her arms around the candles and covers her eyes to say a blessing and prayer.
• Many go to the evening service in the synagogue.
• Once home, there is a family meal - Kiddush blessings are said.
• On Saturday morning the family may attend another service in the synagogue.
• Afterwards, time is spent as a family - Torah may be studied.
• When 3 stars are seen in the sky Shabbat has finished.
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Jews belief on worship in the home:
• Jews worship God whenever they can.
• Their house reminds them to obey God’s commandments…
• The mezuzah- a small box containing verses from the Torah is fixed to a doorpost.
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What are the 4 stages of life celebrated by Jews?
Birth, coming of age, marriage, death
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What is circumcision?
The removal of the foreskin from the penis. Sealing the covenant.
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3 ceremonies associated with birth in Jewish practice:
1. Naming ceremony - naming of the child.
2. Brit Milah - the circumcision ceremony, happens when a boy is 8 days old.
3. Redemption of the first-born son - small amounts of money given 31 days after the birth of the first-born son to 'redeem' him from temple service.
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What does a Bar and Bat Mitvah symbolise for Jews?
-A Jew is seen to become an adult
-Preparation brings the person closer to God
-Expected to take responsibility for following the law
-Jewish boy can be part of a minyan
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What is a Bar Mitzvah?
• When boy is aged 13
• Reads from Torah during a service
• Wears a tallit for the first time
• Makes a short speech
• The boy's father declares he is now responsible for his own actions
• Usually followed by a party
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What is a Bat Mitzvah?
- Reform girls have a Bat Mitzvah
- Girl reads from the Torah
- Girl gives a speech
- Usually followed by a party
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What are the two parts to a Jewish Marriage?
1. Engagement (betrothal - usually lasts a year)
2. Wedding
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What happens in a Jewish Wedding?
The wedding may be in the synagogue or a hotel (not on
Shabbat/festival).
1. The betrothal ceremony takes place under chuppah (canopy) - symbolising their home. Rings are exchanged.
2. Marriage contract signed (hopes for marriage)
3. Marriage ceremony – blessings recited, short speech from rabbi, groom breaks a glass
4. Wedding reception – music and dancing
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How do jews mourn?
Set periods of mourning - helps a family grieve fully and get back to normal life. When they hear about the death, Jews make a small tear in their clothes (Genesis 37:34) and say they accept God's decision.
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What is the first period of mourning?
The family do not have to follow certain Jewish laws (24 hours)
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What is the second period of mourning?
Shiva - intense 7 days of mourning, from burial. Do not work, stay home and say prayers 3 times a day. No make up worn, no shaving, no hair-cuts; mirrors are covered so as not to focus on appearance.
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What is the third period of mourning?
Until 30 days after death. Normal life resumes but still no
listening to music, going to parties, shaving or cutting hair.
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What is the fourth period of mourning?
11 months – do not attend parties, children say blessings for
a parent.
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What do funeral services include in jewish practice?
The funeral service includes prayers, psalms, readings from scripture and a speech by the rabbi
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What is the process of a funeral for jews?
• The body is washed, wrapped in cloth and a tallit (men)
• Placed in a simple coffin to show that everyone is equal in death.
• Funerals take place at the cemetery
• After the service, everyone washes to their hands to show they are leaving death behind
• Jewish law states a tombstone must be placed on the grave to remember the person
• Pebbles are often placed on the gravestone by visitors.
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What are jewish dietary laws?
Kosher = food that Jews are allowed to eat
Trefah = food that Jews are not allowed to eat
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Rule 1 of Jewish dietary laws:
Certain types of food can/cannot be eaten…..
Key quote:
“You are allowed to eat ... anything which has a completely
split hoof and chews the cud….” (Leviticus 11:2-3)
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Which foods are and aren't kosher?
1. Lamb - yes
2. Lobster - no
3. Beef - yes
4. Prawns - no
5. Cheese - yes
6. Vegetables - yes
7. Pork - no
8. Frogs - no
9. Salmon - yes
10. Bacon - no
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Rule 2 of Jewish dietary laws:
Do not mix meat with dairy.
Key quote:
'..you shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk' (Exodus 23:19)
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Rule 3 of Jewish dietary laws:
You must keep a kosher kitchen.
A fully kosher household may have two sets of pots, pans and dishes: one for meat and one for dairy (or colour coded).
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Rule 4 of Jewish dietary laws:
Animals must be killed according to Jewish Law. It must:
• Be healthy
• Have its throat slit by a trained Jew (so it does not suffer)
• Have the blood drained from it before it is eaten
‘…do not partake of the blood’ - (Deuteronomy 12:23)
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'Modern Jews should forget old laws and eat what they want' Agree:
• It should be an individual’s decision
• It is inconvenient….
restricted to Kosher restaurants
• ….cannot have dinner with non-Jewish friends
• There is no logical reason for the laws
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'Modern Jews should forget old laws and eat what they want' Disagree:
• The covenant – it is Jews’ duty to obey God
• Obeying the rules shows love for God
• It shows the uniqueness of Jews
• It is the Jewish tradition
• It’s healthy
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What is Day 1 and Day 10 of The Days of Awe?
Day 1 - Rosh Hashanah
Day 10 - Yom Kippur
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What are The Days of Awe?
10 days to say sorry:
God’s judgement can be influenced actions during the festival so they try to make up for their wrongdoings and seek forgiveness e.g. through prayer and doing acts of charity
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What is Rosh Hashanah?
• Jewish new year
• Remembers God's creation
• Believed to be the anniversary of the day God created humans.
• God judges people's actions over the past year and decides their fortune for the coming year.
• Similar to Shabbat - meal includes apples dipped in honey (symbolises hope for a sweet new year)
• In synagogue ram's horn is blown 100 times
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What is Yom Kippur?
• Holiest and most important day of the year - the Day of atonement - when God's judgement from Rosh Hashanah is finalised.
• Much of the day spent in the synagogue
• Confession & forgiveness
• Jews fast for 25 hours
• Do no work
• Bathing, wearing leather shoes, having sex are forbidden
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What is Pesach (Passover)?
• Lasts for eight days
• Celebrates the Jews’ escape from slavery in Egypt.
• Remembers the final plague which killed the firstborn of the Egyptians but ‘passed over’ the houses of the Jewish slaves.
• The most important preparation is to remove leaven (yeast) from the home.
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What is the Seder meal (Passover meal)?
• Different foods symbolise an aspect of the struggle of the
Israelites in Egypt.
• …It reminds Jews that God freed them and led them to the Promised Land.
• It reminds Jews that they are the chosen people of God.
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What is the first part of the passover meal?
- First, four cups of wine are drunk to remind Jews of the four times God promised freedom to the Israelites.
- Wine symbolises the joy of freedom.
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What is the second part of the passover meal?
- Next, a green vegetable - often parsley - is dipped into salt water.
- This reminds Jews of the sweat and tears of the slaves.
- The Parsley is a symbol of the fresh start God gave the Israelites.
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What is the 'Matzah'?
(Unleavened Bread) - reminds the Jews of the speed with which they left Egypt
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What do the bitter herbs symbolise?
Bitter herbs – such as horseradish – are eaten with matzah. They symbolise the bitter suffering of the slaves in Egypt.
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What is the Charoset in the passover meal?
This tasty mixture of chopped apples, walnuts and spices represent the mortar used to make the bricks to build Pharaoh’s buildings. The sweet taste symbolizes freedom. The bitter herbs are dipped into the charoset.
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What does the Roasted egg symbolise in the passover meal?
• A symbol of the harshness of the Egyptians
• The new life offered to the Jews by God
• The egg is not actually eaten!
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What does the Lamb Bone symbolise in the Passover meal?
A symbol of sacrifice of the lamb, shown with blood on the door post of each Jewish home on the night of the Passover (and later sacrificed at the Temple). The blood of the lamb marked the Israelites out as the People of God. The bone is not eaten!
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What is the importance of Pesach to Jews?
• It celebrates that Jews are God’s chosen people – God has fulfilled the covenant
• To thank God for saving them
• To help Jews empathise with those who still live under oppression
• To experience the freedom that their ancestors gained
• To ensure Jewish faith and traditions are passed on to future generations
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“If people are to do good and avoid evil, certainty about what is good and evil must be
inscribed within them”
-CAFOD
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"Let there be light"
Genesis 1:3 - shows Gods omnipotence as he creates all light just by saying a few words
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"So God created humankind in his image ; in the image of God he created them"
Genesis 1:27 - shows sanctity of life as we are made in God's image and are therefore holy and perfect
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"Then the Lord God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone""
Genesis 2:18 - shows God as a relational/personal God as he sees Adam is lonely and therefore creates him a partner
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"The Bible is not meant to convey precise historical information or scientific findings to us"
Youcat 15 - quote to back up science in science vs religion as saying the Bible is mainly untrue
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"The responsibility for God's earth means that human beings.. Must respect the laws of nature"
Laudato Si 67-68 - tells us our responsibility is to look after God's creation in the way he intended and not to go against him, Stewardship
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"The books of Scripture must be acknowledged as teaching solidly, faithfully and without error"
Dei Verbum 11 - tells us that we must follow the bible as it says and believe in it fully
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"The interpreter of sacred scripture... should carefully investigate what meaning the sacred writers really intended"
Dei Verbum 12 - applies to the magisterium, meaning that they must interpret the bible as carefully as possible to ensure the original meaning is not misinterpreted and God's teachings are not followed incorrectly.
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"The Big Bang does not contradict the divine act of creating, but rather requires it"
Pope Francis 2014 - argument for both science and religion playing into each other, disproving neither
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"Give a man a fish and he eats for a day, teach a man to fish and he eats for a lifetime"
CAFOD - saying that man should be taught how to do things for themselves in the way God intended and allow it to be interpreted, not for it to be handed to them on a silver platter. Also supports sustainbility as you are learning something which can help for a lifetime.
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What does Adam represent in 'The Creation of Adam' by Michelangelo?
All humans
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How is God presented in 'The Creation of Adam'?
God is presented as being ancient, showing he is eternal.
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How is Adam presented in 'The Creation of Adam'?
Adam is presented as the perfect man who is full of strength .... reflects belief that God's creation is 'very good' and that humans are the highpoint of creation
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How is God's transcendence shown in Michelangelo's 'Creation of Adam'?
God is being carried through the air by angels, showing his transcendence
(Yet Adam's feet are firmly on the ground)
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How is the idea that we are made in God's image shown in Michelangelo's 'Creation of Adam'?
God and Adam are lying in similar positions showing that humans are made in the image of God. This means that humans reflect God through being loving, creative, gaining knowledge, being spiritual etc.
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What could the shape of God's cloak represent in Michelangelo's 'Creation of Adam'?
In the shape of:
A brain - our intelligence comes from God
A lung - God breathing life into Adam, he flows through us
Any organ - showing he makes us up.
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What does Michelangelo's 'Creation of Adam' painting show us about God's relationship with humans?
-humans depend on God for life
-humans need a close relationship with God
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What are some misleading aspects Michelangelo's 'Creation of Adam'?
• It doesn’t say in Genesis that God touched Adam to give him life!
• God and Adam are the same size – does this suggest man is equal to God?
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What do the lines from God's hand in Hildreth Meiere's 'Hand of God' show?
Lines from God's hands show that God created everything in the universe. His power touches all things.
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What does the size of God's hand in Hildreth Meiere's 'Hand of God' show?
God’s hand is large – showing his power and greatness
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What are the 3 natures of God presented in Genesis 1?
God is creator
God is omnipotent
God is transcendent
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What does God being presented as 'creator' in Genesis 1 mean?
-all creation is special
-humans share qualities with God
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What does God being presented as 'omnipotent' in Genesis 1 mean?
-God has the power to do whatever he wants
-this inspires christians to trust in God
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What does God being presented as 'transcendant' in Genesis 1 mean?
-'Let there be ... ' shows he is above and beyond the universe and human understanding
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What does God giving humans the spirit of God mean in relation to the Nature of human (Genesis 2)?
• God breathed life into Adam (Hebrew word for breath means spirit)
• God gives humans some of his qualities
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What does God giving humans free will mean in relation to the Nature of human (Genesis 2)?
• God does not prevent Adam from eating from the tree…
• But humans should live in a way that pleases God …
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How is Stewardship presented in the creation stories?
• The stories tell us that God expects us to look after the world with love
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How is the dignity of humans presented in the creation stories?
• God made humans 'in his image'
• Therefore, all humans are equal
• All people have dignity - deserve great respect
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How is the sanctity of life presented in the creation stories?
• God made humans ‘in his image’
• Therefore, all life is holy and sacred
• Catholics would therefore be against euthanasia and abortion
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Books of the bible:
Old testament:
-law
-history
-wisdom
-prophecy
New testament:
-gospels
-acts of the apostles
-epistles
-book of revelation
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What is the bible representing?
• Bible is the word of God – it reveals God and what he wants for humanity
• The writers were inspired (guided) by the Holy Spirit
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How should the bible be interpreted?
• The Bible should be interpreted through the teachings of the Magisterium (Catholic teaching authority)
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How are the creation stories taught to be interpreted?
• The Catholic Church teaches that they should NOT be interpreted literally.
• Catholics accept the theory of evolution & the big bang
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What is a fundamentalist and what do they interpret from the creation stories?
A fundamentalist is someone who takes everything in the bible to be entirely true. They interpret the creation stories literally… .therefore disagree with science
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What are the three teachings about Science vs Religion by the Second Vatican Council?
• Science and religion support each other (e.g. when read as myths, the Genesis stories do not contradict evolution)
• The RC Church supports advances in science that help understand God’s creation (e.g. George Lemaitre was an RC priest who first proposed the Big Bang Theory)
• Religion and science might come up with slightly different answers (e.g. Science tries to explain how things happen and religion tries to explain why)
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What is Natural Law?
Catholic belief that humans are born with an understanding of right and wrong
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What two beliefs are natural law based on?
• God made all creation good
• Humans are ‘made in the image of God', so therefore must protect and preserve life.
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What is stewardship?
Christian belief that humans have been given responsibility by God to look after the earth, and not exploit it for their own ends.
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Bible quote for stewardship:
‘The Lord put Adam in the garden of Eden to till it (raise crops) and keep it’ (Genesis 2:15)
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What do catholic teachings teach about stewardship?
• Creation comes from God and is therefore holy
• Christians show love of God by treating people, animals and the environment with love and respect.
'You shall love your neighbour as yourself' (Mark 12)
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Four catholic teachings on stewardship:
1. Natural resources (oil, trees…) should be used carefully to preserve them
2. We must accept our interdependence with the rest of creation
3. Catholics must take action to improve a situation
4. For example, the Vatican have installed thousands of solar panels – reducing their carbon emissions by 200 tonnes each year.
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Three ways we can care for the earth?
Locally
Nationally
Globally
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What is sustainability and how does it relate to catholic teaching?
• Sustainability is living in a way that respects the environment and its natural resources
• Living sustainably helps us be good stewards
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How does CAFOD support sustainability?
CAFOD supports sustainability by helping those in poverty, in a sustainable way
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Examples of CAFOD supporting sustainability:
• Helps farmers in Sri Lanka to use sustainable, inexpensive farming methods (e.g. natural fertilisers)
• Sets up projects that use renewable energy
• Encourages people to live more simply - use fewer natural resources
• Helped create the UN Sustainable Development Goals (2015)
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Summarise the story of the annunciation from LUKES gospel in 8 short bullet points:
- The angel Gabriel was sent by God to a town in Galilee called Nazareth.
- He appeared to a young woman named Mary, who was engaged to Joseph, a descendant of David.
- Gabriel greeted Mary, calling her “highly favoured” and saying that the Lord was with her.
- Mary was troubled by his words and wondered what his greeting might mean.
- The angel told her not to be afraid, for she had found favour with God.
- He said she would conceive a son, to be called Jesus, who would be great and called the Son of the Most High.
- Mary asked how this could happen since she was a virgin, and Gabriel explained that the Holy Spirit would come upon her.
- Mary accepted God’s will, saying, “I am the Lord’s servant; may it be done to me according to your word.”
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Summarise Joseph’s role in the Annunciation in four short bullet points:
- Joseph was engaged to Mary, the woman chosen by God to bear Jesus.
- Though not directly addressed by the angel in Luke’s account, he is identified as a descendant of King David, linking Jesus to David’s royal line.
- His betrothal to Mary provided social and legal protection for her and the child.
- Joseph’s role established Jesus’ place within the family and heritage of Israel through his lineage.
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Why is incarnation important to christians?
The Incarnation is important to Christians because it shows that God loves humanity enough to become human in Jesus. It reveals God’s nature and allows people to understand Him personally. By becoming human, Jesus could die and rise again to save people from sin, making a relationship with God possible. His life also provides a perfect example for Christians to follow in love and obedience.
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What is the belief of incarnation?
The belief that God became human in the person of Jesus Christ
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What are the three main titles Jesus is referred to as?
-Son of Man
-Son of God
-Word of God
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What is the belief of Jesus being the 'Son of God'?
Christians believe that Jesus was both fully human and fully God. The title ‘Son of God’ emphasised his divine side (that he was fully God). For example, when he was arrested and brought for trial for the crime of blasphemy (insulting God), the Jewish high priest asked him ‘Are you the Messiah, the Son of God, the Blessed One?, Jesus replied: ‘I am.’ (Mark 14), thus emphasising and acknowledging that he is God.
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What is the belief of Jesus being the 'Son of Man'?
Jesus was also fully human, so had a life with ordinary experiences and emotions. Jesus sometimes described himself as the ‘Son of Man’ in order to emphasise his human side. For example, in the following passage: "Jesus began to teach that the Son of Man must undergo great suffering." (Mark 8:31)
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What is the belief of Jesus being the 'Word of God'?
Jesus is also known as the Word of God, a teaching which comes from this passage in John’s gospel: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God …. What has come into being in him was life…. and the Word became flesh and lived among us…and we have seen his glory” (John 1:1-4). Here, Jesus is called the Word of God because God the Father is expressing himself through Jesus - just as humans use words to express themselves. This means that humans can get to know God through Jesus.
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What do the key teachings about Jesus as the 'Word of God' mean?
• In the beginning was the Word’ – The Word (Jesus) has always existed (is eternal, has no beginning or end)
• The Word was with God- The Word (Jesus) and God are united and live in harmony.
• What has come into being in him was life - Everything in existence was created by the Word (Jesus).
• The Word became flesh and lived among us - Jesus is the Word of God who became fully human and lived on earth.
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Define 'symbol'
A symbol is a picture, or image, that represents something else. It is usually simple but effective, and explains something that is difficult to put into words.
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What does the 'fish' symbol mean for christians?
The Greek word for fish is ichthus which is made up of five letters: I–CH–TH-U-S. When each letter is used as the beginning of a word, we can obtain this acronym:
I – IESOUS (‘Jesus’ in Greek)
CH – CHRISTOS (‘Christ’ in Greek)
TH – THEOU (‘of God’)
U – UIOS (‘Son’)
S – SOTER (‘Saviour’)
So, the word ICHTHUS is used as an acronym for the statement: 'Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour’. This belief - that Jesus Christ is fully human and fully God - is one of the most important Christian beliefs.
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What does the symbol 'Alpha and Omega' represent in Christianism?
Alpha is the first letter of the Greek alphabet - Omega is the last letter. This represents the belief that God is involved in everything from beginning to end.
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What does the Chi-Rho symbol represent in Christianism?
The first two letters of the Greek word for Christ (in capitals) - X and P This represents the belief that through his death, Jesus saved all humans (brought them back into relationship with God).
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What are some contrasting views on statues, images and sculptures in Christianism ?
Religious art, like statues, can help us concentrate on Jesus’ qualities and become inspired by them. The statue itself is NOT being worshipped, however, it is not possible to portray God – an infinite, transcendent being - accurately because we are using finite (limited) human means.
Jesus was fully human - visible and tangible - like the statues and images, however art can mislead people about what Jesus looked like (we cannot know.)
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"Anyone who divorces his wife and remarries has committed adultery" (5: 31-32)
Marriage is for life and divorce is wrong
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Teaching about Adultery - (5: 27-30) "Anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart”
Incorrect thoughts are just as bad as actions that could follow
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Teaching about Anger - (5: 21-26) "Settle disagreements quickly with people before it gets to court”, "Anyone commits murder in their mind is as guilty as those who commit murder in real life”
Do not allow disputes and anger to fill your mind – seek peace with people
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The Beatitudes - (5: 1-12) "Blessed are those who mourn, they will be comforted”, "Blessed are the peacemakers, they will be called children of God", "Blessed are the merciful, they will be shown mercy”
Keep faithful to God’s teachings, even in the face of hardship, and he will reward you in heaven
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Judging Others- ( 7: 1-6 ) "Do not judge or you too will be judged”
Do not be a hypocrite, only those who are truly flawless should try to judge others
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What is the Sermon on the mount?
Sermon on the Mount: a sermon (talk) from Jesus which gives a set of rules and values to apply to life. (Matthew 5-7)
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What does Jesus giving the Sermon on the Mount show us about Jesus?
Jesus is showing that he is the new lawgiver. He takes the old law (613 commandments) and builds upon it, making it 'more perfect.’
"I have not come to abolish the law but to fulfil it".
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What are the beatitudes?
Beatitudes: a list of eight attitudes which Jesus blesses (holy) in God’s eyes. The first part of the Sermon on the Mount.
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What are the 8 blessings and their rewards from the beatitudes?
1. The poor in spirit (humble) - for theirs is the kingdom of heaven
2. Those who mourn (the sorrowful or bereaved) - for they will be comforted
3. The meek (not pushy/arrogant) - for they will inherit the earth
4. Those who hunger to do God’s will - for they will be filled
5. The merciful (show forgiveness) - for they will receive mercy
6. The pure in heart (unselfish) - for they will see God
7. The peacemakers (try to solve conflict) - for they will be called children of God.
8. Those who are persecuted for a righteous cause - for theirs is the kingdom of heaven
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What do the sheep and goats represent in the parable of the sheep and goats?
Sheep = heaven
Goats = hell
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What do the sheep's teach christians to do?
Feed the hungry
Give drink to the thirsty
Welcome strangers
Clothe the naked
Visit the sick
Visit those in prison
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What do the goat's teach christians NOT to do?
Do not feed the hungry
Do not give drink to the thirsty
Do not welcome strangers
Do not clothe the naked
Do not visit the sick
Do not visit those in prison
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What does the Catholic Church teach about Jesus' nature?
The Catholic Church teaches that Jesus is both fully human and fully God
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What does the catholic church teach christians to be cautious about when referring to the nature of Jesus?
That it is crucial to remember this when talking about Jesus because if the focus is too much on Jesus as God, there might be a tendency to slip into the heresy (mistaken belief) that Jesus only appeared to be human – that he was God in disguise. Likewise, if the focus is too much on Jesus as a human, there could be a tendency to slip into the heresy that Jesus was not really God – just a very good person.
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How does Dei Verbum 4 (Second Vatican Council) show us that Jesus is both fully human and fully God?
"For he sent his Son...so that he might dwell among men and tell them of the innermost being of God......."
"Jesus Christ, therefore, the Word made flesh, was sent as 'a man to men'"
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How does Verbum Domini 12 (Apostolic exhortation (letter) from Pope Benedict XVI) show us that Jesus is both fully human and fully God?
"...the eternal Word became small – small enough to fit into a manger. He became a child, so that the word could be grasped by us."
"...in his perfect humanity [Jesus] does the will of the Father at all times…thus showing that he is the divine Logos (Word)…but at the same time the new Adam, the true man"
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What is 'Grace'?
Grace is God's love
284
What is a sacrament?
A sacrament is a moment of grace poured into a person …. "A sacrament is an outward sign of an inward grace" - Catholic Church
Jesus leaves visible, tangible signs of his presence – the sacraments. The sacraments make God present for ALL TIME.
285
What are the 7 sacraments?
-Eucharist (Communion)
-Reconciliation (confession)
-Marriage
-Baptism
-Ordination
-Confirmation
-Sacrament of the sick
286
What are the actions of baptism and what does it represent?
The pouring of water, represents the cleansing of sins
287
What are the actions of the eucharist (communion) and what does it represent?
The receiving of the consecrated bread and wine, the body and blood of christ, represents receiving the fullness of christ.
288
What are the actions of confirmation and what does it represent?
The anointing of the forehead with chrism (holy oil), represents receiving the gifts of the holy spirit
289
What are the actions of reconciliation and what does it represent?
The laying on of hands, represents the passing on of God's power on forgiveness
290
What are the actions of marriage and what does it represent?
The consent of marriage, represents each partner accepting the other person as husband/ wife for life
291
What are the actions of the sacrament of the sick and what does it represent?
The anointing of the head and hands (the senses) with the oil of the sick, represents strengthening and forgiveness
292
What are the actions of ordination and what does it represent?
The laying on of hands and the anointing of the hands with chrism, represents conferring the dignity of the priesthood
293
Why do christians consider the world 'sacramental'?
-Catholics believe the world (reality) is a sign of God’s love because it was created by God for humans. Therefore they call it sacramental.
-It is also considered sacramental because the Incarnation brought God’s love into the world.
294
What is 'Imago Dei'?
Belief that humans are made ‘in the image of God.’
295
What is abortion?
The deliberate termination of a pregnancy
296
What are the conditions for an abortion in the UK?
Abortion is legal if authorised by two doctors on at least ONE of these grounds:
• The woman is no more than 24 weeks pregnant (six months)
• Continuing the pregnancy would involve risk to physical or mental health of the pregnant woman and/or her existing children.
• Continuing the pregnancy would risk the life of the pregnant woman
• If there is a substantial risk that if the child were born it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped.
297
What does the 'Imago Dei' belief lead to in Catholic teachings?
The Imago Dei belief leads to:
• Belief in the Sanctity of Life – all life is holy, therefore the most vulnerable should be protected (i.e. unborn child).
• Belief that whole person is present from conception (it’s not just a collection of cells …..)
298
How does bible evidence back up catholic belief that life starts from conception?
'As soon as I heard your greeting, the child in my womb leaped for joy’ - (Elizabeth to Mary, after the Annunciation). Elizabeth and her baby react to the presence of the unborn Jesus … showing that the whole person is present from conception.
299
What is catholic view on abortion?
The Catholic Church teaches that abortion is always wrong because life begins at conception and every human being has the right to life. The Church believes that all life is sacred and created in the image of God, so deliberately ending an unborn life is a grave moral sin. While it shows compassion for women facing difficult situations, the Church insists that abortion can never be justified, though it encourages support, care, and forgiveness for those affected by it.
300
What are some contrasting views on abortion?
Women’s rights: A woman should have the right to make decisions about her own body, especially in cases of unwanted or unsafe pregnancies.
Health and safety: Abortion may be justified if the pregnancy poses a serious risk to the mother’s physical or mental health.
Compassion in difficult cases: Some believe abortion is acceptable in cases of rape, incest, or severe foetal abnormalities.
Quality of life: If a child would be born into extreme poverty, neglect, or suffering, abortion may be seen as the more compassionate option.
Mocks/gcse Revision
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