Geriatrics

Question 1

gerontology

Answer 1

The study of aging in older adults. Specific knowledge of the biological, psychological, and social influences affecting patients is required as the average life-expectancy for individuals in the US is increasing.

Question 2

greatest health age

Answer 2

20s and early 30s

Question 3

type ___ fibers denervate, motor units hypertrophy

Answer 3

2B

Question 4

decreased muscle ______, _________, and __________ of muscle contraction

Answer 4

mass, regeneration, and velocity

Question 5

increased muscular

Answer 5

fat infiltration

Question 6

decreased skeletal bone mass in

Answer 6

40s and 50s

Question 7

decreased articular cartilage

Answer 7

thickness

Question 8

increased collagen

Answer 8

stiffness

Question 9

age related changes

neuromuscular and nervous system

Answer 9

• decreased brain volume with increased ventricular size
• decreased peripheral nerve conduction velocity
• decreased reaction speed, impaired balance
• decreased pain sensation and coordination

Question 10

age related changes

integumentary systems

Answer 10

• Decrease thickness of the dermal layer
• Loss of elastin fibers causes the skin to wrinkle and sag
• Pressure ulcers due to vascular changes, decrease mobility and poor wound healing
• Reduction in blood vessels within dermis decrease number and structure of sweat glands decrease perspiration
• Decreased autonomic regulation of thermoregulatory responses
• Decreased sensory perception

Question 11

age-realted changes

cardiovascular sytems

Answer 11

• increasede cardiac afterload
• increased calcification and fibrosis of heart valves
• increased vascular tone leading to increased systolic BP
• decreased arterial elasticity adn compliance

Question 12

age-related changes

pulmonary systems

Answer 12

• increased physiological “dead space”
• decreased inspiratory muscle strength
• decreased FEV
• increased RV

Question 13

age-related changes

metabolic and endocrine systems

Answer 13

• decreased insulin sensitivity
• decreased hepatic insulin release control
• decreased sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation

Question 14

age-related changes

GI systems

Answer 14

• decreased drug metabolism
• increased risk of adverse side effects from medications
• decreased gastric acid production
• decreased bowel mobility

Question 15

age-related changes

urinary system

Answer 15

• increased incontinence d/t decrease urge sensation
• decreased kidney size, function, and filtration rate
• decreased bladder capacity

Question 16

hearing

Answer 16

• presbycusis
• issues of differentiatitng sounds

they can hear lower sounds better

Question 17

vision

Answer 17

• visual acuity, visual field, and peripheral vision all decrease
• pupils less response to light, difficulty accomodating to light and dark environments

Question 18

taste

Answer 18

• tastebuds deteriorate in number and size, decreased taste sensitivity
• dry mouth
• decreased desire to eat

Question 19

smell

Answer 19

decreased ability to detect odors

Question 20

touch

Answer 20

decreased sesnsitivity to touch, pain, vibration, pressure, proprioception, and temperature

Question 21

osteoporosis

Answer 21

• Loss of calcium and bone mass
• Higher incidence in postmenopausal women
• Fracture of spine, pelvis, and limb common

weight bearing exercises are key for these pts

Question 22

osteoporosis

risk factors

Answer 22

• European ancestry
• Low body mass index
• Decreased estrogen levels
• Sedentary or inactive lifestyle
• Decreased intake of calcium, vitamin C and D
• Decreased intestinal calcium absorption

Question 23

osteoarthritis

Answer 23

• Degeneration of cartilage in joints
• May be associated with trauma or sports injuries
• Articular cartilage thins

Usually in larger weight bearing joints

Question 24

working memory

Answer 24

temporary storage and manipulation of information

Question 25

declarative memory

Answer 25

facts, events. concepts, and locations

Question 26

procedural memory

Answer 26

knowledge of how to do actions and skills

Question 27

attention

Answer 27

decreased ability to dual-task and maintain divided attention and switch attention between tasks

Question 28

general intelligence declines around

Answer 28

50s-70s

Question 29

MCI

Answer 29

does not interfere with daily life, does not imply dementia is developing ## Footnote mild cognitive impairement

Question 30

dementia

Answer 30

cognitive decline impacting an individual's ability to perform daily activities

Question 31

delirium

Answer 31

- transient state of fluctuating cognitive abilities - common after hospitalization, post-surgically, or in those over age 70, those suffering from depression or abusing alcohol

Question 32

pharmacodynamics

Answer 32

how a drug exerts its therapeutic effects at the cellular or organ level

Question 33

polypharmacy

Answer 33

multiple druge begin to react to one another

Question 34

advance directives

Answer 34

documents that dictate how a pt wants their end-of-life care to be carried out

Question 35

DNR

Answer 35

written by a doctor

Question 36

durable power of attorney

Answer 36

pt authorizes another person to make their healthcare choices when tehy can't

Question 37

hospice

Answer 37

palliative care ofr terminally ill pts that focuses on pain management and tx of symptoms, alongside acceptance of their own death ## Footnote can be at home or an inpatient facillity

Question 39

living will

Answer 39

legal document a pt creates dictating their health care tx preferences

Question 40

tx for geriatric

Answer 40

Posture Strength Flexibility Balance Gait training Aquatic therapy Dual Task

Question 41

dual task

Answer 41

Consists of a primary task and an additional secondary task. The two tasks could be performed independently as a single task and have distinct and separate goals. In a dual task intervention, people practice both tasks simultaneously ## Footnote - motor-motor dual task - cognitive-motor dual task

Question 42

# measuring dual task absolute measures

Answer 42

single task and dual task parameters | ex. gait speed, stride length, naming tasks, etc

Question 43

# measuring dual task effect relative measure

Answer 43

dual task cost/benefit

Question 44

why measure dual task

Answer 44

- To determine limitations throughout systems - To distinguish the modality related to the pattern of dual task interference/effect - To identify treatment goals - To prioritize attentional focus or determine attentional biases - To evaluate the effect of intervention