What is CEA
Tumor marker:
Used to test recurrence of tumor in pts.
CEA is increased in the blood of 1/4 of patients with advanced gastric cancer (helps monitor mets). Gastric & Colon cancer.
AFP is used for what?
is useful for early diagnosis of primary malignant liver cell tumors. Tumor marker for HCC
Which disease:
- Segmental R side
- Transmural inflam with fistula formation.
- Non-Caseating granulomas
- Rubber-hose Fibrosis
- Creeping fat
- Cobblestone
- Skip Lesion
Crohn’s
Which Disease:
- L side of the colon
- Rectal lesion with inflam spreading proximally
CUC
Which disease:
- Diffuse with no skip lesions
- Limited to the Mucosa and Submucosa
CUC
Which disease:
- Prone to bleeding
- Toxic megacolon
- Crypt abscesses
- Pseudopolyps
CUC
Most common non-neoplastic polyp types ALWAYS Benign
Hyperplastic Colon Polyps
Where do Hyperplastic Colon Polyps usually occur
80% in rectosigmoid area L side. Composed of hyperplastic glands rich in goblet cells and mucin.
Which Adenocarcinoma?
- Incidence high in Japan and Chile 7-9 x more than U.S.
Stomach
Risk Factors for Stomach Adenocarcinoma
- Dietary factors: Starch, smoked fish (benzpyrene and carcinogens)and meats and pickled veggies.
- Age and Sex: uncommon less 30 and sharp incidence in greater than 50 slight male predominance.
- Nitrosamines:
- Genetic: Blood type A found in half of the pts with gastric cancer.
- Low socioeconomic settings
Risk factors for Colon cancer
-Red Meat: .
-Fat:
-Foods rich in refined carbs and low in fiber: Low fiber= less feces & slower colonic peristalsis. Prolonged transit time in the lg intestine means longer contact between carcinogens & mucosa.
Genetics:
Cancer of which side of the colon?
- fungating masses or Ulcerated shallow like craters
- chronic blood loss with dark red feces (melena) may cause anemia.
Right side
Cancer of which side of the colon?
- 45% in rectosigmoid area
- narrow the intestine
- Napkin-ring lesions.
- Annular. Infiltrate intestine circumferentially
- pencil-like feces,
- red blood in the feces
Left side
Risk Factors for Gastric ulcers
Environmental factors Cigarette smoking Alcohol Hydrochloric acid H pylori
Risk Factors for duodenal Ulcers
Environmental factors Alcohol Genetic 3-fold inc 0 Type O blood 30% higher Hydrochloric acid H plylori
How does a gastric ulcer look
edges sharply punched out w/ overhanging margins. Flat base is gray & indurated.
How does a duodenal ulcer look
lesions usually solitary but kissing also can be present.
Where is the most common locations of the Gastric Ulcers?
Most arise in the lesser curvature of the stomach, in the antral and prepyloric regions.
What is referred to as a kissing Ulcer?
paired ulcers on both walls seen in duodenal ulcers.
Risk factors related to blood type, stress, h. pylori?
- Blood type O 30% duodenal ulcers
- Stress is directly related to acid production in the stomach.
- H Pylori found in 75% of gastric ulcer pts and has been isolated from gastric antrum of all pts with duodenal ulcers
General features and risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinomas in general
Features: involves the tongue, followed by the floor of the mouth, palate and buccal mucosa. male > female 2:1, 50-70 yrs old and most common cancer in men of india.
Two most common etiologies for oral SCC
Alcohol Tobacco use (cig smoking)
Def of Barrett’s esophagus and what cell adaptation is involved?
The metaplastic epithelium extends up the distal esophagus with thickened red-brown circumferential tissue
What type of cancer is most associated with Barrett’s esophagus?
Adenocarcinoma
