GIT Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

pH- the normal is between 6.2 and 7.2 Low values of pH are found after the feeding of carbohydrates A value of below 5 is considered very suggestive of carbohydrate engorgement Examination of rumen protozoa (Could also use a stomach tube)

Answer 2

Measuring pH of the rumen

Answer 3

Paracentesis sites 1. To the left of the midline, 3 to 4 cm medial to and 5 to 7 cm cranial to the foramen for the left subcutaneous vein 2. 5 cm caudal to the xiphisternum and 5 cm to left or right of mid-line 3. The right ventral abdominal wall in the area of the skin under the flank fold above the udder

Answer 4

Blockage or hypocalcaemia

Answer 5

\* Grunt test In the “grunt test” a sharp pressure is applied over and behind the xiphoid whilst listening for an audible grunt from the cow. The pressure may be applied with a clenched fist, the knee or a pole lifted on both sides. The grunt is sometimes clearly audible but is often only discerned by auscultation over the trachea. The test is rather subjective and not particularly reliable. It should be appreciated that a grunt can be elicited from pain in either the anterior abdomen or chest and the test is not specific for traumatic reticulo-peritonitis, although that is the most common condition associated with a positive finding \* Withers pinch test Firm pressure is applied to the whither area by grasping and pinching the whithers. A normal cow will lower the withers to avoid this contact. A cow with peritonitis may be reluctant to lower her withers and thuis push against the painful peritoneal surface. This technique requires more subjective interpretation because many nervous cows Are reluctant to respoind at all to a withers pinch.

Answer 6

\* May be seen in conditions of gastro-intestinal tract such as: - volvulus, intussusception, phytobezoars, salmonellosis - Abomasal torsion, spasmodic colic \* But also: - Diseases of the liver, associated with distension of the organ capsule - inflammation of the serous surfaces of the peritoneum - with pyelonephritis, urethral obstruction and distension of the bladder - early cases of photosensitisation

Answer 7

\* Anaesthesia- inverted L or paravertebral (disadvantage: a lot of anaesthetic) - clip area and prepare for surgery \* 20 cm incision right paralumbar fossa 3 steps: - incise skin and subcutaneous/ external abdominal oblique with vertical incision - split internal abdominal oblique in direction of fibres - blunt dissect through transverse abdominous, peritoneum

Answer 8

Aetiology not fully understood, multifactorial syndrome, heavy grain feeding

Answer 9

\* ID pylorus- pull on omental attachment until the pylorus comes into view- palpate and visualise \* Routine closure \* Broad spectrums abs (Oxytet) \* NSAIDs (long acting- tolfedine or metacam) \* Ketol

Answer 10

\* First assess prognosis- melena and HR \> 100 are bad signs when corrected, omentopexy to prevent recurrence \* Standard closure \* IV fluids if very shocked \* Antibiotics \* NSAIDs

Answer 11

\* Signs are less severe than seen in cattle suffering from an obstruction due to a volvulus or intussusception \* Findings - sudden severe depression in milk yield - dehydration - commonly a very small amount of greenish rumen discharge observed at nares of affected animals - ballottement/auscultation right abdomen- may detect fluid splashing sounds - rectal exam: early stages the amount of faeces is reduced and somewhat pasty... later, grey, yellow faeces- extremely pasty, very foul smell- pathognomonic \*\* As condition progresses- dehydration increases, HR increases

Answer 12

\* right paralumbar approach careful search of intestines - palpation

Answer 13

3. Cow has above + some systemic effects - as above plus antibiotics - avoid secondary effects 4. Cow is down - as above plus NSAIDs, fluids - ? how much fluids and what type - consider rumenotomy - careful of water

Answer 14

\* herd problem due to diet \* reduced rumenation (cud chewing) \* mild diarrhoea \* foamy faeces containing gas bubbles \* undigested grain in faeces \* Reduced milk fat (\<3%)

Answer 15

\* laminitis \* faeces

Answer 16

More than 4 kg a day need buffers in the feed bicarb 2-3% to the grain

Answer 17

Concern with ab resistant bacteria however works really well with rumen acidosis Takes a fortnight to work and need veterinary prescription Produce medicated feed orders (like prescription) send into feedmill and the feedmill adds the Virginiamycin

Answer 18

\* only bother to treat severe dehydration in most cows, if they are down need to correct if for them otherwise they will correct it orally themselves \* Most cows are alkalotic \* At a farm visit, can really only give 5-6 liters of IV fluid at once \* A practical method of treatment is 2-3 L of hypertonic saline (4 ml/kg BW) IV (over about 4 minutes) plus 20 L of water administered by stomach tube \* Can add some bicarbonate in grain overload cows \* Be careful of hypertonic fluids in very dehydrated cows (as distinct from endotoxic shock) \* MUST follow up with oral fluids (Water is ok)

Answer 19

\* the hole sometimes blocks up \* you only need to let enough gas out so that the cow can breathe again \* drench her with bloat oil then

Answer 20

\* often added to the grain ration fed to dairy cattle - increases proprionic acid production - prevents coccidosis in young stock \* Very toxic for horses \* Typically occurs in feed at 11-18 mg/kg (dairy) or 25-33 mg/kg (beef) \* Horses 20 times more sensitive than cattle (200x more than chooks) \* Heart and skeletal muscle death from mitochondrial dysfunction

Answer 21

\* ANY recumbency \* Oesophageal obstruction \* Hypocalcaemia \* Stop them dying of bloat \* Treat the underlying condition

Answer 22

Needle head placed in to check if fluid comes out

Answer 23

Ruminants grasp mouthfuls of food and swallow before it is chewed, wrap their tongues around a mouthful of grass, clamp down their teeth and pull to break the grass at its weakest point and swallow \* Ruminants will chew their cud (regurg) their food material and then grind it with their molars at a time when the animal is resting \* this is done until the food particles are small enough to pass through the reticulum into the rumen \* Since ruminants do not chew their food when it is taken in, at times foreign material like rocks, nails, small pieces of wire can be swallowed \* While the animal is chewing its cud foreign particles that are heavy sink in the reticulum, preventing many foreign particles from entering the rest of the digestive system \* Once foreign material enters the reticulum, it can stay there for the life of the animal \* If the reticulum squeezes a piece of wire it may penetrate through into the chest/ heart

Answer 24

\* 100-150 days - viral damage to developing organs: especially CNS - may be PI or have high Ab levels \* \> 150 days - usually no clinical effect - virus free - seroconverted to pestivirus

Answer 25

\* Acute or chronic forms \* usually in younger animals \* 100% fatal but low numbers affected

Answer 26

\* Acute enteritis - anorexia, reduced milk production, pyrexia, depression - profuse, putrid diarrhoea +/- dysentery - Abdominal pain - dehydration, recumbency, death \* Abortion may occur subsequently

Answer 27

\* Supportive therapy: fluids-- oral supplemented with electrolytes, IV for acidosis (NaCl/ H2CO3)

Answer 28

\* preclinical

Answer 29

\* If you have got JD in your herd... - prevent spread -- detect infected adults and remove them -- manage calves to reduce exposure (JDCAP) - reduce exposure to adult faeces; vaccinate \* Minimize the risk of further introduction - don't introduce animals into the herd - source introduced animals from low risk herds (JDMAP)

Answer 30

Adequate intake of neutral detergent fibre (NDF)-- 25% NDF in total dietary DM. 75% of which is supplied by coarse forage to maintain rumen function and health. \* Many pasture diets, especially those supplemented with concentrates, will be near the lower limit of effective fibre required in the diet. \* Estimates of diet NDF should be matched with observations from the field cud-chewing, faecal formation, milk fat and protein content and rumen pH to ensure optimal and safe diet

Answer 31

Absorbed through the rumen wall (papillae) Cow produces huge amounts of bicarbonate in her saliva-- enough roughage and food with sufficient particle length that the cow is going to need to regurgitate and chew it

Answer 32

Could cause if an abscess burst and causes local peritonitis--\> LDA, RDA, vagal indigestion \* Predisposing factor carb overload in the first part of lactation

Answer 33

Undigested grain

Answer 34

Caval syndrome

Answer 35

Saw horse stance due to laminitis

Answer 36

\* Most pathogenic nematode aka Teladorsagia Small up to 9 mm Outbreaks-- Type I and Type II Abomasum

Answer 37

\* Grazing dairy cattle likely to be infected with nematodes \* 80% trials showed a positive response to anthelmintics \* Median increase 0.67 litres/day \* There is no way of determining whether an animal or herd has a sufficient parasite burden to interfere with production

Answer 38

Cysticercosis ◦ Taenia saginata (Cysticercus bovis) Echinococcus granulosis ◦ The most common cause of downgrades in QLD abbattoirs ◦ Notifiable ◦ NZ is hydatid free (? Tasmania too) Coenurosis cerebralis (Taenia multiceps)

Answer 39

IH hosts Lymnea tomentosa (native) L columella Both live in (L. columellla) and around (L. tomentosa) bodies of water

Answer 40

\* Antibody ELISA - Sensitivity of 87.5% reported \* Detects non-patent infections (from 14 d) \* Blood, milk, or bulk milk \* Useful as a screening test for a group of animals \*\* Post mortem as well-- flukes or scarring

Answer 41

Lungworm infection in a group of weaned calves: note the open-mouth breathing in one animal and loss of condition through the entire group

Answer 42

Field post-mortem examination of a calf with lungworm infection; the airways are characteristically full of a bloody froth and many adult worms are present

Answer 43

\* depends who you ask \* Standard recommendation- drench at calving \* drying off? \* Calving? \* Probably not a critical decision

Answer 44

Injectable Dectomax Times where it makes a difference is if you have a problem

GIT Flashcards

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