Grammar

Question 1

Mura

(“muh-ruh”)

Answer 1

If not

— use for all tenses, except Murar for past tense
— e.g. Mura bhfuil tú anseo
— e.g. Mura dtiocfaidh sé

Question 2

“Ní” causes _____

Answer 2

Lenition

— e.g. Ní thuigim
— e.g. Ní shiúlfaidh sé

Question 3

“An” (interrogative) causes:

Answer 3

Eclipsis

— e.g. An dtuigeann tú?
— e.g. An bhfeicfidh tú?

Question 4

“Nach” causes _____

Answer 4

Eclipsis

e.g. Nach dtuigeann tú?
e.g. Nach bhfeicfidh tú?
e.g. Nach bhfuil _____

Question 5

How form:

Negative imperative

Answer 5

Ná _____

— use with appropriate verb
— triggers h-prosthesis of vowel verb
— e.g. Ná habair é

Question 6

“Má” causes _____

Answer 6

Lenition

e.g. Má thuigim _____

e.g. Má bhíonn tú liom, bí liom

Question 7

“Mura” / “Murar” causes…

Answer 7

Eclipsis

e.g. Mura gceannaíonn siad é…

Question 8

Possessive “a” (male) causes:

Answer 8

Before a vowel: no change

Before a constant: lenition
— e.g. Osclaíonn sé a dhoras

Question 9

Possessive “a” (female) causes:

Answer 9

Consonant: no change

Vowel: h-prosthesis
— e.g. D’ith sí a húll

Question 10

Possessive “ár” causes:

Answer 10

Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaimid ár ndoras

Vowel: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicimid ár n-uncail

Question 11

Possessive “a” (plural) causes:

Answer 11

Consonants: eclipsis
— e.g. Osclaíonn siad a ndoras

Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feiceann siad a n-uncail

Question 12

Possessive “bhur” causes:

Answer 12

Consonant: eclipsis
— e.g. Dúnaigí bhur ndoras!

Vowels: n-prosthesis
— e.g. Feicim bhur n-uncail

Question 13

How does the article affect masculine nouns?

Answer 13

CONSONANTS ARE UNAFFECTED

If begins with a vowel, add “t-“
— e.g. an t-amadán

Question 14

How does the article affect feminine nouns?

— vowels
— consonants
— consonants beginning with “s”

Answer 14

1) VOWELS ARE UNAFFECTED

2) If possible, lenite
— EXCEPT beginning with “s”
— e.g. an bhean

3) If beginning with “s”, add “t”
— an tstráid

Question 15

What changes occur to adjectives when they modify a plural?

Answer 15

Add a schwa (spelled with “a” after broad and “i” after slender)

— e.g. daoine glice
— e.g. fuinneoigaí mora

If plural noun ends with a consonant, lenite the adjective

— e.g. gasúir bheaga

Question 16

How does the plural article (“na _____”) affect nouns?

Answer 16

Prefixes “h” to noun beginning with vowel

— e.g. na hoifigí

Question 17

The past passive ending is pronounced…

& what else changes with past passive?

Answer 17

1) “ooh”

e.g. Ritheadh an rás
— rih-hoo

e.g. Glanadh an rás
— glan-oo

2) Lenition removed
— e.g. Ghlan mé an teach inné
— e.g. Glanadh an teach inné

Question 18

When are adjectives lenited?

Answer 18

Following a feminine noun

— e.g. an fhuinneoig mhór

Question 19

When to use roimh vs. sula to express “before”

Answer 19

ROIMH IS A PREPOSITION AND COMES BEFORE A NOUN
— e.g. Rith mé roimh dhinnéar
— causes lenition

SULA IS A CONJUNCTION AND COMES BEFORE A VERB
— Ithean sé sula nglannan
— causes eclipsis

Question 20

Conjugations of:

trí

(Through me / you / him / her / us / y’all / them)

Answer 20

— tríom
— tríot
— trid / trithí
— trinn
— tribh
— tríothu

Question 21

Conjugations of:

um

Answer 21

— umam
— umat
— uime
— uimpí
— umainn
— umaibh
— umpu

Question 22

Meaning and variations of:

DE

Answer 22

FROM/ OF / OFF

díom
díot
de
di
dínn
díbh
díobh

Question 23

Forms of:

i(n)

— in me
— in you
— in him
— in her
— in use
— in youse
— in them

Answer 23

— ionam
— ionat
— ann
— inti
— ionainn
— ionaibh
— iontu

Question 24

When are the following used:

Ní

Níor

Níorbh

Answer 24

NEGATIVE COPULA

Ní
— present / future

Níor
— past / conditional

Níorbh
— past / conditional +
— next word begins with vowel / fh

Question 25

What needs to happen when you create an adverbial phrase including “very” (**an-**) that modified an adverb beginning with a vowel? — e.g. very quickly

Answer 25

**h-prosthesis** — e.g. Rith sé go han-tapa

Question 26

Which five prepositions trigger lenition? Which preposition triggers eclipsis?

Answer 26

**LENITION** — de — do — faoi — ó — roimh **ECLIPSIS** — i

Question 27

What happens if: **é**, **í** or **iad** came after **ní**?

Answer 27

**h-prosthesis** — e.g. Ní hé — e.g. Ní hí — e.g. Ní hiad

Question 28

**When expressing feelings, what’s used more — regular tense or progressive?** — e.g. I feel strange today

Answer 28

**Progressive** — e.g. Tá mé ag mothú aisteach inniu

Question 29

What the three most common uses of verbal adjectives?

Answer 29

**1) THE MAJORITY — DESCRIBING STATE RESULTING FROM AN ACTION** — e.g. Tá an doras dúnta — e.g. Bhí an obair críocnaithe **2) USE WITH [AG] AS ESSENTIALLY A SIMPLE PASSIVE** — e.g. Tá an leabhar ag scríofa ag an údar — e.g. Bhí an teach ag tógtha acu **3) AS AN ATTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE** — e.g. an fear gortaithe

Question 30

How is the conditional **-fadh / -feadh** pronounced?

Answer 30

“huh”

Question 31

How pronounce **beadh**?

Answer 31

**b(y)uh** (Light glide at beginning)