Grammar structures

Question 1

Passive voice: four ways

Answer 1

• nothing, obvious in context 吾之国攻
• with particle见 //被 吾之国见攻
• with explicit agents using 于
  兵观于王
• with explicit agents using 为。。。所
  吾草为马所食

Question 2

Express “all”

Answer 2

• 凡 尽 in all cases (beg of sentence)
• all 皆(about subj, immediat before the verb)
• all of … within a group x2 遍 诸

Question 3

Word order (with classifier)

Answer 3

noun + number + classifier

Question 4

弗

Answer 4

不+之
subj neg verb it = subj 弗 verb
彼弗入 = 彼不入之

Question 5

诸

Answer 5

之 + 乎 in a ？sentence
有之乎? = 有诸? is there such a thing?
OR 
之 + 于(在 location)
问之于门外 = 问诸门外
ask it outside

Question 6

焉

Answer 6

于 + 此 in this place

吾于此走 = 吾焉走

Question 7

COD indicator

Answer 7

相 + verb

subj + ~ + verb + COD

Question 8

since, knowing that …

Answer 8

即

即恶此人，溪不杀之？

Question 9

Indicate subj/noun particle

Answer 9

…者 + verb + COD
the one who … the thing that …
有 … 者 there is one who/which

Question 10

Negations

Answer 10

• negate a verb 不 + verb
• negates a noun 无 + noun
• negates the auxilliary 非是
• emphasises the negation 毫 + negation + verb
• to not want 勿 = 不要

Question 11

place verb in time

Answer 11

• already 已/尝 + verb OR verb + 过

- not yet 未 + verb

Question 12

Nominal sentences

Answer 12

AB也 OR A非B也
As for A, it is (not) the case that it is B.
孔子君子也。

Question 13

Subordinate clause

Answer 13

indicated by 也

Question 14

Special sentence structure with 以

Answer 14

- to take A to be/as B  
  以A为B，A以为B
-  use smn/sth to do sth 把...做
   以 A(subj) B(obj) 以正合
- causality, explress reason, origin
以 A 是故, B Because of A, therefore B
是以 A this is because of A

Question 15

Special sentence structure with 所

Answer 15

• that which, those whom, nominalising the verb to make it passive
  (agents expressed by 为…)所 + verb
• the reasons for which, the means whereby 所以
  君之所以百战百胜
• the so-… 所+ verb
  so-called 所谓