What is a frequency table?
A table that shows how often each value or category occurs in a dataset.
What should a frequency table include?
Clear categories or values
Corresponding frequencies (counts)
Optional: cumulative frequency
Strengths and weaknesses of frequency tables?
Easy to construct and interpret
Organises raw data clearly
− Not visually engaging
− Limited insight compared to graphs
What is a line graph used for?
To show changes over time (continuous data).
Key features of a line graph?
Time on the x-axis
Variable (e.g. scores) on the y-axis
Points joined with straight lines
What do line graphs show?
Trends, increases, decreases, and patterns over time.
What is a bar chart used for?
To display categorical data.
Key features of a bar chart?
Bars are separated (not touching)
Equal width bars
Categories on x-axis
Strengths and weaknesses of bar charts?
Easy to interpret and compare categories
Clear visual representation
− Cannot show continuous data effectively
What is a histogram used for?
To display continuous data grouped into intervals.
Key features of a histogram?
Bars touch each other
Data grouped into intervals
Area of bars represents frequency
Strengths and weaknesses of histograms?
Shows distribution of continuous data
Useful for identifying patterns (e.g. skew)
− Can be harder to interpret than bar charts
− Requires grouped data
What is a pie chart used for?
To show proportions or percentages of a whole.
Key features of a pie chart?
Whole circle = 100%
Sectors represent proportions
Each segment has an angle proportional to frequency
Strengths and weaknesses of pie charts?
Easy to see proportions at a glance
Visually appealing
− Difficult to compare similar-sized segments
− Not precise for exact values
What is a scatter diagram used for?
To show the relationship (correlation) between two variables.
What do scatter diagrams show?
Positive correlation (both increase)
Negative correlation (one increases, one decreases)
No correlation (no pattern)
Strengths and weaknesses of scatter diagrams?
Shows strength and direction of relationships
Useful for hypothesis generation
− Cannot establish causation
− Can be influenced by outliers
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milgram and Kohlberg34
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research methods32
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methodologies54
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location of research16
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sampling20
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experimental design9
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levels of measurement11
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graphical representation18
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descriptive statistics11
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inferential statistics24
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reliability and validity22
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ethics21
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personal investigation x277
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role of the scientific community in validating new knowledge12
