geography > hazards > Flashcards

hazards Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what is a hazard?

A

an event which causes loss of life or damage to property

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2
Q

what is an event?

A

an event which doesn’t afect people/property

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3
Q

what are the hazards of earthquakes?

A
  • earthquake
    -tsunami
    -landslide
    -dam crumbles = flooding
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4
Q

what are impacts of earthquakes?

A

-buiding colapses
-gas and water pipes burst
transport desctruction

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5
Q

what are the impacts of draught?

A
  • crops struggle to grow in harsh climate
    -loss of animal life
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6
Q

what are the impacts of tsunamis?

A
  • transport destroyed
    -water pollution
    -electricty issues
    -loss of life
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7
Q

what are the impacts of volcanos eruptions?

A
  • loss of life
    -introduces tourism
    -ash scattered everywhere
    -air travel shut down
    -fertilses soil
    -short term climate change(temp drops)
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8
Q

impact of a tropical storm?

A

-winds/dust
-flying objects
-florida = bring alligators
-intemse rainfall

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9
Q

give 4 examples of primary effects of earthquake:

A

-buildings and road destroyed
-people KILLED/INJURED
-crops & water supplies damaged
-electricity damaged

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10
Q

give 4 examples of secondary effects of an earthquake:

A

-initial hazards can trigger secondary hazards e.g earthquake trigger tsunamis
-food shortage
-shortage of clean water
-countrys econmy weakened

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11
Q

why do people live in hazardous areas?

A
  • fertile land for crops
  • good climate
  • don’t acc know they are in hazardous areas
  • geo - thermal energy
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12
Q

what is a primary affect?

A

impact of a hazard that occurs as adirect consequence of the hazard

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13
Q

what is a secondary affect?

A

hazards that reult from the intial event but occur later on

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14
Q

give 5 things which would increase hazards risk:

A
  • densly populated
  • building on land exposed to hazards
  • poor infastructure
  • climate change
  • urbanization
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15
Q

what are the 2 types of the earths crusts?

A

oceanic & continental

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16
Q

give characterstics for the oceanic crust:

A
  • younger
  • denser
  • 5-10km thick
  • constantly being destroyed and rebuilt
  • usualy under water
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17
Q

give characteristics for the continental crust:

A
  • lighter
  • older
  • permenant
  • mostly on land
  • 35-75 km thick
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18
Q

what are the 4 layers of the earth?

A
  • inner core
  • outer core
  • mantel
  • crust
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19
Q

give characteristics of the innner core:

A
  • solid
  • iron
  • 5500 degrees
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20
Q

give characteristics of the outer core:

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A
  • liquid
  • iron & nickle
  • 5000 degrees
  • magnetic field
21
Q

give characteristics of the mantle:

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A
  • wide
  • goes from cold and thick to hot and runny
  • 1300-5000 degrees
22
Q

give characteristics of the crust?

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A
  • thin
  • 6-70 km thick
  • forms 7 continental plates
23
Q

what is plate movement caused by?

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A

convection current

24
Q

how does convection current cause plates to move?

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A
  1. magma near the core gets heated & rises
  2. magma reaches the crust , spreads sideways and cools
    = the force from the magma spreading cuases the crust to move
  3. magma sinks and process repeats
25
what 3 bits evidence prove WEGENER'S theory of continental drifts?
- FOSSILS tysrosaurus found in antartica (impossible=land mammal that cant swim) - PATTERN OF ROCKS ( east canada and west scotland have the same type of rock) - SHAPE OF CONTINENTS 'jigsaw like'
26
name the 4 type of plate boundarys:
- collision - constructive - conservative - destructive
27
explain what happens at the conservative plate boundary?
-2 plates move sideways past each other in different directions/ different speeds
28
explain what happens at the collision plate boundary? give an e.g
2 CONTINENTAL plates collide creating fold mountains e.g HIMALAYAS/MOUNT EVERAST
29
explain what happens at the desrucitve plate boundary?
OCEANIC+CONTINENTAL plates move TOWARDS each other - denser oceanic plate is subducted(goes under)
30
explain what happens at the constructive plate boundary?
2 OCEANIC plates moving AWAY from each other & magma then rises through the gap created(magma the cools ands forms new crust/fold montians)
31
explain what forms at the conservative plate boundary? E.G
EARTHQUAKES - NOO volcanos e.g SAN ANDREAS FAULT
32
explain what forms at the constructive plate boundary? give an e.g
- shield volcanos (gentle) + gentle earthquakes e.g MIDATLANTIC RIDGE
33
explain what forms at the destructive plate boundary? give an e.g
- tsunamis - VIOLENT COMPOSITE VOLCANOS - violent earthquakes - oceanic trench e.g JAPAN
34
what are the 3 plate movement methods?
- slab pull - ridge push - convection current
35
what's the slap pull? [destructive plate boundary]
- densists part of the plate = pulls on plate boundary + gravity = speeads up oceanic crusts SUBDUCTION
36
what's the ridge push? [constructive plate boundary]
- due to the convection current + weight of oceanic crust (it collapses) = forces cruse to move away from plate boundary - mantle rises in gap & cools = forms new ridge/new oceanic crust
37
where and when was the HIC earthquake? what maginitude & what boundary?
Chile 2010 - 8.8 maginitude - destructive plate boundary
38
name the 3 facts about chile 2019 eathquake:
- epicentre was offshore & focus was quite deep - 500 deaths - $30 billion = EC cost
39
where and when was the LIC earthquake? what magnitude & what boundary?
NEPAL 2015 - 7.9 - COLLISION plate boundary
40
name 3 key facts about the NEPAL earhtquake:
- focus was ONLY 8KM deep - 9000 deaths - $5 billion EC costs
41
give 3 primary affects of nepal and chile
NEPAL: - 19,000 injured - 3million made homeless - 7000 schools destroyed CHILE: - 12,000 injured - 220, 000 homes destryoed - 4500 schools destroyed
42
give secondary affects of Nepal & Chile?
NEPAL : - avalanche & landslides on mount everest - 19 people died - KALI GANDAKI RIVER blocked - income loss CHILE: - tsunami detroyed coastal towns - landslided destroyed 1500km of roads
43
give primary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes
NEPAL: - India & china = gave $1 billion of international aid - temporary housing was provided 'tent city'[500,000 tents] - field hospitals were set up - 3 helicopters CHILE: - within 24 hr route 5 was repaired allowing aid to be transported - 30,00 emergency shelters - within 10 days 90% of water and electricity restored -
44
give secondary responeses for the CHILE AND NEPLA earthquakes
NEPAL: - over 7000 schools rebuilt - repairs made to everest base camp - stricter building codes made - UK donated £73 million in aid CHILE: - goverment launched a housing reconstuction plan to help 200,000 families
45
what are the 3 P'S and the m
- prediction - protection - planning - monitoring
46
how can you monitor earthquakes and volcanos?
EARHTQUAKES: seismometers monitor the earths movement VOLCANO: - ground deformation - radon & sulfur dioxide gas
47
how can you predict earthquakes and volcanos?
EARTHQUAKES - hard to predict - animals behavovior chnages/migrate - earthquake chains on fault line - tiltmeter can check rock movement VOLCANO - radon gas, sulfur dioxide -water levels rise -
48
how can you plan for earthquakes and volcanos?
- plan evacuation routes - emergency supplies - educate people on these hazards - identify and avoid high risk areas for building on - infastructure of buildings
49
how can you protect earthquakes and volcanos?
EARTHQUAKE - rolling roof weights, counteract motion - reinforced concrete = absorbs shock - LIC = lightweight thatched roof VOLCANO - build embankments to divert lava flow
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