1
Q
International agencies: how they are involved in Hazard Management Governance
A
Aid
Warning systems
2
Q
National governments ways they can be involved in Hazard Management Governance
(RBM)
A
Rebuild infrastructure
Building regulations
Military aid (e.g. S&R)
3
Q
Local community: ways they can be involved in Hazard Management Governance
A
Community resilience
4
Q
What is community resilience
A
Sustained ability of a community to utilise available resources to respond to, withstand and recover from the effects of natural hazards
5
Q
How can individuals be involved in Hazard Management Governance
A
Emergency supplies and shelters
Move out of a disaster zone
Sand bags
Drains
Backup power
6
Q
How are models used to manage natural hazards
A
Models are useful to simplify understanding of complex issues by removing unnecessary details
Do all scenarios follow the models?
All models are optimistic
7
Q
What does the hazards management cycle show
A
Illustrates the process which government, business and communities plan for and reduce the impact of disasters
8
Q
When was the Hazard Management Cycle introduced
A
1978
9
Q
What is the first step in the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Response
10
Q
What is the response step in the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Immediate help after a hazard event
11
Q
What is the second step in the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Recover
12
Q
What is the recover step in the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Rebuilding of infrastructure and services
Rehab of people
13
Q
What is the 3rd part of the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Mitigation
14
Q
What is the mitigation step in the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Acts to reduce the scale of the next disaster
15
Q
What is the 4th stage of the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Preparedness
16
Q
What is the preparedness stage of the Hazard Management Cycle
A
How to act before, during and after a Hazard
Education/information
17
Q
What affects the effectiveness of the Hazard Management Cycle
A
Magnitude of event
Level of development
Level of governance
External help available
18
Q
What is on the Y axis of the park model
A
QoL
19
Q
What is on the x axis of the Park Model
A
Time
20
Q
What is the first stage of the Park Model
A
Relief
21
Q
What is the timescale of relief on the Park Model
A
Hours-days
22
Q
What is the definition of relief on the Park Model
A
Immediate and local response in the form of aid, expertise and S&R
23
Q
What is the second part of the Park Model
A
Rehabilitation
24
Q
What is the timescale of rehabilitation in the Park Model
A
weeks-months
25
What is the definition of the rehabilitation phase of the Park Model
Infrastructure and services rebuilt, albeit potentially short term fixes to allow reconstruction to start ASAP
26
What is the third phase of the Park Model
Reconstruction
27
What is the timescale of reconstruction in the Park Model
Weeks-years
28
What is the definition of the reconstruction phase in the Park Model
Restoring to the same or better QoL than before the events
Likely to include mitigation measures to diminish future disruption
29
Pros of the HMC model
Simple, logical steps, accessible
Clear visual loop
Easy to implement
Always applicable (easy to add details)
30
Cons of the HMC model
No accounting for nuanced events
Assumes the cycle will “finish” before the next hazard event
Vague timeline
No specifics/Too generic
31
Pros of the Park Model
Takes into account QoL over time
Every disaster has its own model
Good to compare events
Reflects spatial scale
Takes people into account
32
Cons of the Park Model
Takes an average of QoL over an area
Not fully representative of inequality
Complex
33
My synopsis of HMC model vs the Park Model
HMC - for normal people
Park Model - for smart people
34
How does governance shape meeting basic needs
Provides sufficient food and water to a population
35
How does governance shape planning
Effective land use planning and zoning prevents house construction in high risk areas
36
How does governance shape environmental management
Prevents exacerbating factors like deforestation of mangroves which protect against storm surges/tsunamis
37
How does governance shape preparedness
Provides education and community awareness programmes that can reduce death tolls
38
How does governance shape tackling of corruption
Ensuring aid/relief funds and equipment are not siphoned away
ensuring the correct building standards are used
39
How does governance shape openness
Having a free press allows scrutiny of management strategies
40
What is a tropical storm
Very powerful low pressure weather system which results in winds over 120kmh and heavy rainfall (250mm in 1 day)
41
Where do tropical storms occur
5-30 degrees N and S between the tropics
42
What are the conditions for a Tropicals storm to form
Surface sea temp over 27 degrees
High humidity
Strong Coriolis effect (5-30 degrees)
Low wind shear
43
How do you
44
How do tropical storms form (steps not conditions)
Air above the water is heated and rises
This causes low pressure
As the air rises and cools, it condenses and forms clouds
Air around the weather system rushes in to fil the gap caused by the rising air
As the air cools and condenses, it releases latent heat
The system rotates due to the Coriolis effect
45
How wide can a tropical storm be
Up to 300 miles
46
How tall can a tropical storms be
Up to 9 miles
47
What direction does the air go in the eye of the TS
Cold air sinks with hot air rising around it in circles
48
What direction do TS go in the N hemisphere
Anti clockwise
49
What direction do TS go in the S hemisphere
Clockwise
50
What steers tropical storms
Prevailing trade winds and Global Atmospheric Circulation
Easterly trade winds push storms westward across the ocean
Westerlies impact as they move poleward leaving them to curve
51
Why do TS weaken when they hit land
No energy input so they lose energy
52
What are TS still impactful after reaching land
They must lose their energy (strong winds and high rainfall still occur)
53
How do surface winds and vertical wind shear affect development of TSs
Make them take longer and have less energy
Needs convergence of warm moist air
Low wind shear needed at all heights otherwise the storm doesn’t develop (uneven)
54
Where do TSs affect more
N hemisphere over the S
55
Which countries are most affected by TS
US
Philippines
56
Which part of the GAC model do TS form most
At the ITCZ
57
What are the impacts of the wind of a TS
Structural damage to buildings, infrastructure e.g. bring down electricity lines
Destroy agriculture
Debris flung around can threaten life
58
What are the impacts of the flooding of a TS
Flash flooding occurs in urban areas due to overwhelmed drainage systems
(Impermeable surfaces and high density of buildings leads to overland flow)
Rivers flood can destroy agriculture
59
What are the impacts of mass movement after of a TS (e.g. landslides)
Destruction of landscapes
Soil erosion
Habitat loss
Loss of life
Cuts of establishments
60
What are the impacts of the high sea levels of a TS
Storm surges can flood low-lying river deltas where flooding can go a long way inland
These cause the majority of deaths in such events
Salt water destroys agriculture for many years
61
Why can the sea levels rise in a TS
Waves pile up and ocean heaves upwards
62
How do torrential rain and storm surge create major coastal problems
Torrential rainfall and storm surge combine to ground saturation so flooding becomes even worse
63
How can monitoring SST help prediction of TSs
Meteorologists can estimate how likely storms are to form and how intense it will be
64
How can monitoring atmospheric conditions help prediction of TSs
Humidity allows storms to form with cloud condensation
Wind shear “rips” the storm apart
High pressure systems act as “bumpers” which steer the storm
65
How do El Niño and La Niña affect TSs
El Niño increases wind shear (in Atlantic but not pacific)
La Niña leads to decreased wind shear (storms form easier everywhere)
66
What months of the year do TS typically form
Late summer-autumn
When sea temps are highest
67
What is a hurricane return period
Average time between 2 hurricanes of a certain size/category/intensity hitting the same location
68
What is the track of a TS
The path the storm takes
69
Who proposed the theory of Continental drift
Alfred Wegener
70
How long ago did AW say that Pangea existed
250 million years ago
71
What is the geological evidence for Continental Drift
Identical rock types and mountain ranges found on continents now separated
Suggests that they were once connected
72
Examples of geological evidence for CD
Appalachian mountains in North America and Caledonian mountains in Scotland
73
What is the fossil evidence for Continental Drift
Same fossils found on continents oceans apart
Suggests land was connected so the creatures could have travelled
74
What is the Climatic evidence for Continental Drift
Glacial deposits found in now tropical regions
Coal deposits in Antarctica
Continents moved to different climatic regions
75
How do the fit of continents evidence for Continental Drift
Coastlines of continents (e.g. Africa and South America) appear to fit together like puzzle pieces
Suggests they broke apart
76
What is the Paleoclimatic evidence for Continental Drift
Evidence of past climates like desert belts and glacial striations align when the continents are “reassembled”
Different climate bands used to be present across landforms but they have shifted
77
What is the Paleomagnetism and Sea Floor Spreading evidence for Continental Drift
At plate boundaries Magma stripes occur as magma solidifies, iron rich materials within the magma align with the earths magnetic field
As the magnetic field flips periodically every 350k-400k years, the different polarities cause the magnetite rock to create reflected stripes across the plate boundary
78
What causes plate movement
Ridge push (gravitational sliding)
Slab pull
Convection currents
79
What state is the mantle
Mostly solid, only liquid in some places
80
Why is slab pull more significant than ridge push
It recycles material and solves the problem of not making the earth bigger
It pulls the plate along (major driving force)
81
Which type of plate is older
Oceanic
82
How does understanding ridge push and slab pull affect understanding of earths geological history
New subduction zones
Predict future movement
How both shape hazards
83
What are the potential consequences of a new subduction zone forming in the Atlantic Ocean
It will alter the geology and the shape of the ocean floor
Early warning systems allow it to be studied further
84
How does studying tectonics help us understand natural hazards
Infrastructure development in high risk areas
Comprehensive risk management
85
What is ridge push
Molten magma rises at a mid ocean ridge and causes the asthenosphere and lithosphere at the ridge heat up and expand and produce an elevated ridge
The new rock that forms is less dense but gets denser as it cools, causing it to slide away under gravity, and creating the sloping asthenosphere.
Process repeats
86
What is slab pull
At a subduction boundary, one plate is heavier and denser than the other which subduction under the less dense plate.
The edge of the subducting plates is colder and denser than the mantle so sinks into it and pulls the rest of the plate with it.
The force that the sinking edge of the plate exerts on the rest of the plate is slab pull
87
What is mantle convection
Hotter, less dense magma rises upwards at a mid ocean ridge (upwelling on one side of a convection cell)
The cooler, denser magma sinks down at a subduction boundary (downwelling on the opposite side of the cell)
Causes magma to flow in a circuit where the lithospheric plate is dragged along the direction at the top of the cell
Heat from Earth’s cores is transferred through this process
88
What is the size and what is the inner core made of
Solid iron and nickel
1200km
89
What is the size and what is the outer core made of
Liquid iron and nickel
2300km
90
What is the size and what is the Mantle made of
2800km
Solid but acts as a viscous liquid due to high temps that is near the melting point of many minerals
Compound of various oxides e.g. silicon and magnesium
91
What is the size and what is the Crust made of
1-80km thick
2 types (oceanic and continental)
92
What is the Mohorovicic Discontinuity
Croatian Seismologist noticed seismic waves sped up at certain depths
This happens because rocks in the mantle are denser and have different mineral composition to the crust
93
What is the Moho
The boundary between the crust and mantle
94
How thick are oceanic crusts (Moho)
5-10km
95
How thick are continental plates (Moho)
30-50km
96
Where do we find earthquakes and volcanoes
Hotspots and plate boundaries
97
What processes occur at a constructive plate margin
Diverging plates
Ridge push (gravitational sliding)
98
What is an example of a geographical feature at a constructive margin
Shield volcano (e.g. Eyjafjnallajokull)
99
What processes occur at a destructive plate margin
Subduction
Slab pull
100
What are examples of geographical features at destructive plate margins
Composite volcanos (Cotopaxi, Ecuador)
Fold mountains (Himalayas)
Trenches (Mariana Trench)
101
What processes occur at conservative plate boundaries
Plates move sideways past one another
102
Example of geographical features that occur at a conservative margin
Shallow focus earthquakes
(San Andreas Fault system)
103
What geographical feature is an exception to plate margins
Hotspots near the centre of a plate
104
Example of a geographical feature at a hotspot
Basaltic volcanos
(Mauna Loa: Hawaii)
105
Explain the relationship between hotspots and plate boundaries
Hotspots are stationary
Plate is moving so the hotspots “punches” holes through the crust
106
Process of a hotspot forming
Radioactive decay within earths crust creates high temps
If decay is concentrated then hotspots form
They heat the lower mantle creating localised thermal currents where magma plumes rise vertically
Plumes occasionally rise within and burn holes within the lithosphere, creating volcanic activity
They stay stationary so leave a “chain” of active and then extinct volcanoes as the plate moves along the hotspot
107
What is the VEI scale
Volcanic explosively index
108
What does the VEI do
So here’s represent the volume of erupted tephra of some widely known explosions
109
What is basaltic magma
High in iron and magnesium and calcium
Low in potassium and sodium
Ranges in temps from 1000 degrees to 1200 degrees
Produced by directly melting the mantle
110
What is andesitic magma
Commonly erupts from stratovolcanoes as thick lava flows and can reach several km in length
Can generate strong explosive eruptions and pyroclstic flows and surges and huge eruption columns
900-1100 degrees
111
What is rhyolitic magma
High in potassium and sodium
Low in iron, magnesium and calcium
650-800 degrees
Light in colour
69<% silica
Viscous and forms thick blocky flows or lava domes
Erupt violently
112
Characteristics of an Icelandic volcano
Basaltic magma
Lava flows gently from fissures
113
Characteristics of an Hawaiian volcano
Basaltic
Lava flows gently from a central vent
114
Characteristics of an Strombolian volcano
Thick basaltic
Frequent explosive eruptions
115
Characteristics of a Vulcanian volcano
Thicker basaltic and andesitic and rhyolitic
Less frequent but more violent eruptions
116
Characteristics of an Vesuvian volcano
Thicker basaltic and andesitic and rhyolitic
After periods of very violent gas explosions blast ash high into the sky
117
Characteristics of an Vesuvian volcano
Thicker basaltic and andesitic and rhyolitic
After periods of very violent gas explosions blast ash high into the sky
118
Characteristics of an Peleean volcano
Andesitic and rhyolitic
Very violent eruptions of nuees ardentes
119
Characteristics of an Plinian volcano
Rhyolitic
Exceptionally violent eruptions of gases, ash and pumice
Torrential rainstorms cause devastating lahars
120
How do we predict volcanoes
Gas emissions
Land deformation
Seismographs
121
How is seismic monitoring useful to understand when volcanic eruptions will occur
Microquakes indicate rising magma fracturing and cracking the overlying rocks
122
How is ground deformation monitoring useful to understand when volcanic eruptions will occur
Tiltometers and laser based distance measurement
They measure bulging in the ground which is caused by rising magma
123
How is Iron rich soil movement monitoring useful to understand when volcanic eruptions will occur
Magnetometers show changing levels of magma and indicate an eruption occurring
124
How is groundwater temp monitoring useful to understand when volcanic eruptions will occur
Rising magma will heat groundwater and corrupt it with sulphur (both can be measured)
125
How are warning signs useful to understand when volcanic eruptions will occur
Small eruptions, emissions of gases, landslides and rockfalls can be used
Remote solar powered digital camera surveillance is safe and useful around the main crater
Thermal imaging and gas sampling for poisonous gases like chlorine is useful
126
Why do destructive plate boundaries have more powerful eruptions
More energy is built up so larger eruptions
127
Why do constructive plate boundaries have less powerful eruptions
Less energy buildup and more constant flow (of release)
128
What is a fissure eruption
Elongated split allows basaltic lava to spill out
Found at constructive margins: ocean ridges and rifts
Persistent and gentle eruptions
129
Explain a basic shield volcano
Gently sloping cone of basaltic lava out at constructive margins and hotspots
Predictable gentle eruptions
130
Example of a basic shield volcano
Mauna Loa, Hawaii
131
What is an Acid Dome volcano
Steep-sided cone formed from viscous rhyolitic lava
Found at destructive plate margins
Lava cannot travel far so solidifies in vents, producing explosive, unpredictable eruptions
132
Example of an acid dome volcano
Lassen Peak, California
133
What is a composite cone volcano
Built from layers of ash and andesitic lava from previous eruptions
At destructive plate margins
Explosive, unpredictable
Pyroclastic eruptions
134
Example of a composite cone volcano
Mt Etna, Italy
135
What is a Caldera
Occurs at destructive margins, explosive and unpredictable eruptions
Cauldron shaped summit formed by gases building up beneath a blocked vent
Can cause subsequent catastrophic eruption that blows apart the crater
136
What is special about a Caldera
It can fill with water forming a crater
137
example of a Caldera
Lake Nyos, Cameroon
138
What is an active volcano
Had at least 1 eruption in the last 10,000 years
139
140
What is a dormant volcano
An active volcano that is not erupting but supposed to erupt again
141
What is an extinct volcano
No eruption for 10k years and is not expected to erupt again in a comparable future time scale
142
What is the case study volcano about predictability
Nevada del Ruiz, Colombia
143
When did Nevada del Ruiz erupt last
1984
144
How many people died in the Nevada del Ruiz eruption
20k
145
Why did so many people die in the Nevada del Ruiz eruption
Small scale activity was picked up, they knew it was dangerous but since it carried on for several months, no one left (work carried on)
When the final eruption occurred, almost all the population had remained and devastating lahars swept
146
Description of Nuees Ardentes
Fast moving currents of hot gas and volcanic matter that flow down the sides of a volcano
147
What are the characteristics of Nuees Ardentes
Up to 1000 degrees
Travel up to 700kmh
Can cover large distances
148
What are the primary impacts of Nuees Ardentes
Destruction of infrastructure - buildings, roads, bridges etc.
Loss of life - brutal through asphyxiation, incineration and burial
149
What are the secondary impacts of Nuees Ardentes
Flooding and Lahars (melted snow and ice leads to floods downstream)
Long term environmental change (e.g. deposition of volcanic material altering soil fertility and water quality)
150
What is a Lahar
A volcanic mudflow composed of slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky material and water
151
What is an LIC example of a Nuees Ardentes
Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala
200 deaths
152
What is a lava flow
Stream of molten rock that pours or oozes from an erupting vent
153
What are the characteristics of a lava flow
Varies in viscosity, speed and temp
154
Primary impacts of lava flows
Destruction of infrastructure and vegetation
155
Secondary impacts of lava flows
Fires caused by the intense heat
Disruption to transport and services
156
Example of lava flows
Kilauea Hawaii
Basaltic lava flows cover large areas and destroy homes and infrastructure
157
What triggers lahars
Volcanic activity, heavy rainfall or melting of snow and ice on a volcano
158
Primary impacts of Lahars
Destruction of infrastructure and burial of settlements
Major loss of life
159
Secondary impacts of Lahars
Long-term contamination of water supplies and soil
Displacement of communities
160
Example of lahars
Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia, 1985
The lahars killed 23k people in Armero
161
What is pyroclastic and ash fallout
Ejection of volcanic ash and pyroclastic material into the atmosphere during an eruption
Ash can travel vast distances, affecting areas far from the eruption site
162
Primary impacts of pyroclastic and ash fallout
Health hazards: inhalation of fine ash particles can cause respiratory issues
Damage to infrastructure: can cause roofs to collapse
Agricultural damage: crops can fail due to having the sun blocked out but LT it improves soil quality
163
Secondary impacts of pyroclastic and ash fallout
Water contamination: human and agricultural use
Economic disruption with cleanup and repair costs
Long term health issues themselves and their economic losses too.
164
Example of ash fallout
Mount Pinatubo, Philippines
Ashfall covered large causing roofs to collapse, water to be contaminate and large agricultural losses
Temporary fall in global temps
165
What are gases and acid rain
Emissions of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide
Can dissolve into acid rain
166
Primary impacts of acid rain and gases
Loss of life from asphyxiation in low-lying areas
Poisoning of vegetation and livestock
167
Secondary impacts of acid rain and gases
Corrosion of aircraft and engines
Utility lines, comms equipment, farm machinery and other metal objects corrode
168
Example of acid rain and gases
Lake Nyos Cameroon 1986
Large release of CO2 suffocated 1700 people and 3500k livestock
169
What is Tephra
Fragmented material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of size or composition
170
What are the characteristics of Tephra
Ash, Lapilli and volcanic bombs
Can go high and wide from the volcano
171
Primary impacts of Tephra
Injury or death form falling debris
Damage to structures from volcanic bombs
172
Secondary impacts of Tephra
Contributes to ash fallout
Fires caused by hot Tephra
173
Example of Tephra
Mt Vesuvius buried Pompeii with tephra
174
What is lapilli
Small volcanic fragments
175
What are volcanic bombs
Basically the same just larger than Lapilli at more than 64mm diameter
Molten rock that solidifies in the air
176
What is hazard prediction (volcanoes)
Attempts to use remote sensing and seismic monitoring to work out if any potential activity may lead to a disaster and needs to be acted upon
177
What is hazard preparedness (volcanoes)
Increasing people’s awareness of potential hazards
Through their actions, minimising the impact of the hazard (typically means prep for an event)
178
What are hazard responses (volcanoes)
Actions taken immediately during and after a volcanic event:
warning/evacuation
Saving people
Providing immediate assistance
Long term responses include Economic and Social recovery
179
Why is risk management important (when it is successful)
Saves 1000s of lives
Allows for preparedness and efficient responses
180
Why is protection one of the most challenging methods of modifying risk (of volcanic events)
Some major volcanic hazards cannot be protected against: lava flows, Lahars and ash fallout
Evacuation is often cited as the only real way of reducing volcanic risks
181
How are volcanic eruptions managed locally
Diverting lava flows by using bulldozers to create channels away from key areas (Bulldozers and eruptions to make channels also)
Protection structures like sloped roofs and plastic sheets on buildings so no ash buildup
182
Where is Mt Nyiragongo
DRC mountains
Associated with the African Rift Valley
183
How large is the crater of Mt Nyriagongo
250m deep
2km wide
184
How many eruptions has Mt Nyriagongo had since records began
30<
185
What were the conditions to the 2002 eruption of Mt Nyriagongo
Some seismic activity detected but it was unexpected
Lava flows enabled most people to flee from the primary eruption effects
186
What is the goma area
Fertile agricultural land surrounding Mt Nyriagongo
187
Characteristics of the Goma area (why have so many people settled there)
High altitude of 1500m
Extended growing season
Fertile soil
All combine to produce high crop yields
188
Why is the lava not dangerous to people in Mt Nyriagongo
It flows so slowly
But still destroys agricultural areas and built environment
189
Primary impacts of Mt Nyriagongo eruption 2002
Destroyed 1/3 of Goma
Partially covered the airport runway
147 death toll
Commercial centre destroyed
190
What was the population of Goma in 2002
200k
191
What are the secondary impacts of the Mt Nyriagongo 2002 eruption
Thousands needed medical attention since gases caused respiratory illnesses
Contaminated water led to dysentery
Looting of abandoned properties
Unemployment increased
192
What was the official response to the Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Red alert from the authorities
193
Why was the death rate low in Mt Nyriagongo eruption 2002
Full evacuation was able to take place
194
When did Goma receive aid after Mt Nyriagongo erupted
2 days later form the UN
Included emergency rations
195
What did the UN do in the Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Set up camps for displaced people
Food
Shelter
Water
Sanitation
Healthcare
196
What was the cost of providing aid to the UN after the Mt Nyriagongo eruption
$15 million
197
What was the long term impact of Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Rebuilding Goma’s infrastructure, homes and livelihoods
(Lava flows destroyed many businesses so large unemployment)
198
What have the continuous impacts of the Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Minor volcanic activity
Recently several children died from inhaling CO2 (not uncommon at all)
199
What do locals call CO2 poisoning in Goma
Mazuku
200
What were the characteristics of the 2021 eruption of Mt Nyriagongo
Effusive eruption
Low viscosity
Fast moving lava
201
How many houses destroyed in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
3.6k
202
How many fatalities in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
32 from lava, gas asphyxiation and traffic accidents
203
Social Secondary impacts of the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Traffic accident deaths
Homelessness crisis
Waterborne disease
204
What key infrastructure damage occurred in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
N2 road was cut by the lava flow so no connection of the city to the North
Crippled trade and aid routes
205
What happened to jobs in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Destroyed agriculture and buildings
Severely affected recovery
206
How did Goma recover after the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
They became very dependent on emergency aid and funding for recovery
207
ST Environmental impacts of the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Lava flows destroyed natural habitats
Air and water pollution: gases like SO2 and Ashfall lead to public health concerns
208
LT Environmental impacts of the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Contuanual seismic activity and potential for a limnic eruption in Lake Kivu remain a concern§
209
What is a limnic eruption
Rare but deadly gas release event
210
Political critiques of the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Lack of initial warning led to criticism of the governments ability to warn
The evacuation order came out a week after the initial eruption to 500k people leading to chaos
211
Why was their poor response from authorities in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Political instability and existing armed conflict in the region complicated delivery of aid and security
212
What was the Mitigation like in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Weak:
OVG (who study the volcano) was underfunded
LT methods not in place
Lava flowed into the city due to bad LU planning
213
What was the Preparedness like in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Weak:
No comprehensive communicated evacuation plan -> no direction
Suffering was increased since people did not know what to do
214
What was the Response like in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Moderate success:
Action that did take place was good
Quick regional and international mobilisation of the UN and Red Cross
Emergency food, shelter, water and medical teams
215
Why was the aid response good in the 2021 eruption of Mt Nyriagongo compared to 2002
The funding was only for short term issues but was not kept up so financial dependency wasn’t created
216
What was the Recovery like in the 2021 Mt Nyriagongo eruption
Focused on rebuilding Goma
Invested more into the OVG (Study group of the volcano) in the future
Better warning systems and LU regulation in place
217
Example of new warning system for Mt Nyriagongo after the 2021 eruption
GPS measurement of land deformation
218
What are the 4 stages of the HMC RRMP
Response
Recover
Mitigation
Preparedness
219
What are the 3 stages of the Park Model RRR
Relief
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
220
What is volcanicity
Volcanic activity
221
What is seismicity
Seismic activity
Geography Physical
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
Water Cycle117
-
Carbon Cycle106
-
Water and Carbon overlap46
-
marine processes L8 Coasts34
-
Coasts60
-
Odisha Case Study50
-
Coasts Notes107
-
Mass Movement Information28
-
Holderness Coast45
-
Amazon Case Study59
-
Misc. Case Studies For Physical164
-
Exmoor Mires Project Case Study15
-
Hurricane Sandy24
-
Hazards L126
-
Hazards Up Until Mocks221
-
Typhoon Haiyan14
-
Hazard Post Mocks90
-
Earthquake Case Studies52
-
Tsunami Case Study10
-
Haiti Case Study (Mixed Hazard)43
-
Wildfires Onwards53
