Heart

Question 1

what are the pleura structures in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 1

• parietal pleura
• visceral pleura
• pluera cavity (potential space)

Question 2

what structures are contained within the mediastinum?

Answer 2

• heart
• esophagus
• trachea
  -thymus
• vessels
• nerves

Question 3

which animals have incomplete mediastinum?

Answer 3

• horse
• sheep
• dog

Question 4

what is the order of the structures that blood passes through from the vena cava to the systemic circulation? know whether oxygenated or deoxygenated blood is found in these structures.

Answer 4

vena cava -> (R) atrium -> tricuspid valve -> (R) ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> pulmonary capillaries —> pulmonary vein -> (L) atrium -> mitral valve -> (L) ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> systemic capillaries -> systemic veins

Question 5

apex

Answer 5

• pointed
• free-end
• directed caudally & ventrally

Question 6

base

Answer 6

• directed cranially & dorsally
• continuous with large arteries and veins

Question 7

where is the structure of the apex located in the heart?

Answer 7

left ventricle

Question 8

where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 8

• between 2nd - 6th vertebrae
• L side of heart deviates off of midline

Question 9

what is the structure of the pericardium?

Answer 9

• fibrous sac that the heart is pushed into during development
• divided into the fibrous & serous percardia

Question 10

3 layers of the heart wall

Answer 10

1. epicardium
2. myocardium
3. endocardium

Question 11

the names of the R/L A-V valves

Answer 11

right atrioventricular valves:
- tricuspid valve (3 flaps)
- dogs ONLY have 2 flaps

left atrioventricular valves:
- mitral valve (2 flaps)

Question 12

the names of the R/L semilunar valves

Answer 12

right semilunar valve
- pulmonic valve

left semilunar valve
- aortic valve

Question 13

pericardium

Answer 13

fibrous sac of the heart that is pushed into during development

Question 14

fibrous pericardium

Answer 14

strong outer covering

Question 15

visceral pericardium

Answer 15

composed of single layer of serosal covering entire heart

Question 16

parietal pericardium

Answer 16

outer-layer of pericardium; thin sac

Question 17

pericardial space

Answer 17

• potential space between visceral & parietal pericardium
• contains small amount of fluid for lubrication

Question 18

coronary groove

Answer 18

• separates the atria from the ventricles
• contains the L circumflex & R coronary arteries/ veins

Question 19

interventricular groove

Answer 19

descend from coronary groove
- divide L/R ventricles

Question 20

chordae tendinae

Answer 20

tough fibrous cords that are extensions of the valve leaflets

Question 21

moderator band

Answer 21

thin muscular strand that runs from the

inter ventricular septum -> free wall -> right ventricle

Question 22

interventricular septum

Answer 22

triangular wall of cardia tissue that separates L/R ventricles

Question 23

auricles

Answer 23

ear shaped structures attached to each atria

Question 24

papillary muscles

Answer 24

pillar shaped muscles; within the cavity of the ventricles, attached to their walls

Question 25

trabeculae carneae

Answer 25

rounded or irregular muscular columns; project from the inner surface to the R/L ventricles

Question 26

fossa ovale

Answer 26

depressed structure; located in the inferior aspect of the R inreratrial septum

Question 27

ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 27

- connects descending aorta to left pulmonary artery -

Question 28

which side of the heart has thicker walls? (R or L)

Answer 28

left

Question 29

3 segments of the aorta

Answer 29

1. ascending aorta 2. transverse arch 3. descending aorta

Question 30

what structures emerge from the transverse arch of the aorta?

Answer 30

brachiocephalic trunk & (L) subclavian artery

Question 31

coronary vasculature of the dog

Answer 31

artery*

Question 32

3 layers of the arterial wall

Answer 32

1. intima 2. media 3. adventitia

Question 33

arterioles

Answer 33

small branch leading to capillaries

Question 34

capillaries

Answer 34

blood vessels; transport blood, nutrients, & oxygen through body

Question 35

veins

Answer 35

blood vessels

Question 36

venules

Answer 36

very small vein; collects from capillaries

Question 37

what is blood composed of? (cells)

Answer 37

- erythrocytes - leukocytes - platelets

Question 38

erythrocytes

Answer 38

- contain hemoglobin - 2 heme groups & 2 polypeptide groups - 2 alpha globulins - 2 beta globulins

Question 39

leukocytes

Answer 39

- granulocytes (have granules) - neutrophils - basophils - esinophils - agranulocytes (DON'T have granules) - lymphyoctes - monocytes - platelets

Question 40

platelets

Answer 40

- small & NO nucleus - role: clotting blood - small pink granules - formed by megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Question 41

red blood cells

Answer 41

- bioconcave disc - increase surface area to volume ratio - Formed: bone marrow - NO nucleus - life span: 120 days

Question 42

neutrophils

Answer 42

granules stain neither red or purple - phagocytize material - targets: bacteria & fungi - contain: - hydrogen peroxide - collagenase - lactoferrin - life span: short ( hours - few days) - multilobed nucleus - 60~70% white blood cells

Question 43

eosinophils

Answer 43

- pink granules - bilobed nucleus - participate: - parasitic & allergy reactions - contain: - histamine - peroxidase - ribonuclease - deoxyribonuclease - etc... - life span: 8-12 days

Question 44

basophils

Answer 44

- granules stain purple - NOT phagocytic - similar to mass cells found in tissue - role: allergic responses - contain: - histamine - bradykinin - serotonin - lysosomal enzymes - life span: few hours to days - bilobed/trilobed nucleus

Question 45

lymphyocytes

Answer 45

- round nucleus - small amount of blue cytoplasm - immune response: - natural killer cells - T lymphocytes - B lymphocytes

Question 46

natural killer lymphyocytes

Answer 46

- innate immune system - destroys tumor cells & virally infected cells

Question 47

T lymphyocytes

Answer 47

- formed by bone marrow - mature in thymus - cell-mediated immunity - 2 MAJOR subtypes: 1) helper T cells: - releases substances; regulate other immune cells 2) cytotoxic T cells: - destroys virally infected cells, tumor cells

Question 48

B lymphocytes

Answer 48

- mature in bone marrow - humoral response (secretes antibodies)

Question 49

monocytes

Answer 49

- blue cytoplasm - nucleus NOT round - bean shaped, horse-shoe shaped - produce in bone marrow - circulate briefly in blood, migrate into tissues - mature in macrophages