skeletal structures

Question 1

what are the 3 divisions ok the skeleton?

Answer 1

1. axial skeleton
2. appendicular skeleton
3. visceral skeleton

Question 2

skeletal system

Answer 2

• framework of the body
• made up of bones and connective tissue
• provides structural support for all organ systems

Question 3

what bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 3

• head
• vertebral column
• ribs
• sternum

Question 4

what bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 4

bones of the limbs and connecting to the limbs from the axial skeleton

Question 5

what bones are in the visceral skeleton?

Answer 5

developed in the viscera or soft structures
example:

• penis in carnivores
• cordis in the ox & sheep

Question 6

what the functions in the bone?

Answer 6

• “levers” to perform work
• reservoir for calcium & phosphate
• red marrow within (medullary cavity) of bone is source for red blood cells

Question 7

what is the composition of the bone?

Answer 7

-95% solid
- 1/3 organic component
- collagen fibers
- osteoid
- proteoglycans & glycoproteins
- 2/3 inorganic hydroxyapatite crystals

• 5% water

Question 8

basic microscopic structure of the bone, characteristics, and their functions

Answer 8

• present woven (immature) & Haversian (mature)

Question 9

different types of cells in the bone, characteristics, and their functions

Answer 9

• osteoprogenitor cells
• osteoblast
• osteoclasts

Question 10

osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 10

develop into the more active, secretory cell = osteoblast

Question 11

osteoblast

Answer 11

responsible for the production of bone matrix

Question 12

osteoclasts

Answer 12

• bone-resorbing cells
• large, motile
  derived from stem cells of bone marrow and spleen

Question 13

osteocytes

Answer 13

• mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts
• enclosed in bone matrix
  - maintain, synthesize, and resorb matrix

Question 14

what are the classification of bone?
(bone shapes)

Answer 14

• flat bones
• irregular bones
• sesamoid bones
• short bones
• long bones

Question 15

flat bones

Answer 15

• 2 plats of compact bone, separated by cancellous bone
• broad surfaces for attachment of large muscle groups
• example:
  - scapula, pelvis girdle, skull

Question 16

irregular bones

Answer 16

complex and irregular shaped bone
(found in the spine)

Question 17

sesamoid bones

Answer 17

small bone embedded in tendon

Question 18

short bones

Answer 18

• cube shaped
• diffuse concussion, diminish friction, change direction of tendons
• grouped together (carpus (wrist) tarsus (ankle))

Question 19

long bones

Answer 19

• bone that is longer than its wide
• supporting columns and levers for the skeleton
• diaphysis: long shaft or bone
• epiphysis: 2 enlarged ends of the long bone

Question 20

parts of the long bone…

Answer 20

• periosteum
• articular cartilage
• medullary cavity
• endosteum
• cortex

Question 21

woven bone

Answer 21

• immature bone
• laid down but not organized by secondary remodeling

Question 22

Haversian bone

Answer 22

mature bone that has been remodeled

• Haversian canals
• Volkmann canals
• Osteon

Question 23

compact bone

Answer 23

• outer layer of bone
• consists of osteons
• hard, dense, gross term

Question 24

cancellous bone

Answer 24

• gross term for visible spaces in it
• located deep to the compact bone

Question 25

Haversian canals

Answer 25

- channels within the bone that runs parallel to long axis - contain blood vessels

Question 26

Volkmann canals

Answer 26

- blood vessels serving external surfaces and marrow cavity - perpendicular to long axis of bone

Question 27

Osteon

Answer 27

- circular unit of compact bone - consists of a central Haversian canal