TOX > Herbicides > Flashcards

Herbicides Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Amides

A
  • Alachlor
  • Bensulide
  • Propachlor
  • Propanil
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2
Q

Benzoic acids

A
  • Chloramben
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3
Q

Carbamates

A
  • Chloropropham
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4
Q

Dinitroanilines

A
  • Benefin
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5
Q

Diphenyl esters

A
  • Nitrofen
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6
Q

Dipyridyls

A
  • Paraquat

- Diquat

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7
Q

Nitriles

A
  • Dichlobenil
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8
Q

Organoarsenicals

A

MSMA (methyl arsonic acid)

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9
Q

Phenoxy acids

A

-2,4-D

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10
Q

Phtalamic acids

A

Naptalam

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11
Q

Thiocarbamates

A
  • EPTC

- Triallate

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12
Q

Triazines

A
  • Atrazine

- Simazine

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13
Q

2,4- D source

A
  • sprayed on forages at set concentration
  • accidental ingestion
  • grazing freshly sprayed pastures or lawns
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14
Q

2-4D properties

A
  • alter metabolism of plants
  • increases plant accumulation of nitrate or cyanide
  • not stable in environment
  • not degraded by rumen flora
  • can make poisonous plants more palatable
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15
Q

2-4D toxicity causes

A

GI mucosa irritation

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16
Q

2-4D toxicity

A
  • dogs are the most susceptible, followed by cattle

- acute oral LD50 in dogs is 100 mg/ kg

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17
Q

2-4D toxicokinetics

A
  • Absorbed by GI or inhalation, not skin
  • distributed throughout the body
  • meat residue unlikely
  • half life is short in all species except dogs
  • excreted in urine
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18
Q

MOA of 2-4D

A
  • irritation of GI mucosa
  • affects skeletal membranes in dogs
  • uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and depresses ribonuclease activity
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19
Q

Clinical signs of 2-4D (general)

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A
  • non specific

- GI and neuromuscular

20
Q

Clinical signs of 2-4D in ruminants

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A
  • anorexia, rumen atony, bloat, diarrhea, mouth ulcers

- depression, muscle weakness and emaciation with no convulsions

21
Q

Clinical signs of 2 4D in dogs

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A
  • anorexia, vomitting, and bloody diarrhea
  • myotonia and weakness
  • rigidity of skeletal muscles
  • high doses = rapid onset
22
Q

Lab results with 2,4D

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A
  • elevated ALP, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine phosphokinase
23
Q

Diagnosis of 2,4D

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A

difficult without history of ingestion

24
Q

Treatment of 2,4D

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A
  • no specific antidote
  • detox (wash skin and activated charcoal)
  • supportive
25
Dipyridyl (Paraquat) is stable or unstable in the environment
unstable, inactivated by light and soil
26
Solubility from greatest to least of paraquat
- most soluble in water - poorly soluble in alcohol - insoluble hydrocarbon solvents
27
When is paraquat stable in the environment
- acidic or neutral conditions | - destroyed by alkali
28
Paraquat binds strongly to
- soil
29
Paraquat is caustic to
mucous membranes
30
Paraquat toxicity
- dogs are especially susceptible - Oral Ld50 = 25-75 mg/ kg - daily exposure 170 ppm= chronic tox and death in dogs
31
What enhances paraquat toxicity
- Vitamin E and selenium def. - depletion of tissue glutathione - oxygen therapy
32
Diquat is well or poorly absorbed from the GI tract
poorly
33
Paraquat is absorbed from
- 20% GI | - 10% skin
34
Paraquat distribution and accumulation
- distributes all over the body | - concentrated in the lung
35
How is paraquat excreted
- urine with minimal metabolism
36
MOA of paraquat
- reduced by NADPH and makes singlet oxygen (ROS signs)
37
Acute toxicosis with paraquat
- Early = vomiting, anorexia, depression, ataxia, dyspnea, seizures - Delayed signs focus more on lung signs
38
How long can it take for signs of paraquat poisoning to manifest
- 3 days
39
Lesions from paraquat
- mainly in the respiratory tract - lingual ulcers - liver, spleen and kidney can be congested
40
Lab findings with paraquat
- can check plant, stomach content and urine | - urine = negative after 48 hrs
41
treatment for paraquat poisoning
- no specific antidote | - detoxification (activated charcoal preferred)
42
Products used for detox in paraquat poisoning
- emetics - activated charcoal - bentonite or fullers earth orally several times per day - saline cathartics following the adsorbent
43
Supportive treatement for paraquat poisoning
- NO oxygen - fluid therapy to help kidney function - hemodialysis
44
Biochemical antagonists of paraquat
- Orgotein (superoxide dismutase) - acetylcysteine - asorbic acid - niacin or riboflavin
45
What is the time frame for treatment with paraquat poisoning
- within 24 hours | - prognosis is guarded or grave
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