1
Q
hypercalcemia symptoms
A
Bones, stones, groans moans
- Bone pain
- Renal stones
- Abdominal groans: nausea, vomiting, constipation indigestion
- Psychiatric moans: lethargy, fatigue, memory loss, psychosis, depression
2
Q
Hypercalcemia Causes
A
CHIMPANZEE Calcium supplements Hyperparathyroid Iatrogenic/immobile Multiple myeloma, medication (lithium) Parathyroid hyperplasia or adenoma Alcohol Neoplasm Zollinger ellison Excess vitamin D Excess vitamin A Sarcoidosis
3
Q
Hypercalcemia ECG
A
Short QT
wide/flat T wave
4
Q
Hypocalceamia Symptoms
A
CATS A PET Convulsions Arrhythmias Tetany Spasms and stridor
5
Q
Hypocalceamia causes
A
Hypoparathyroid Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency Altered vitamin D metabolism Kidney or liver disease Pseudohypoparathyroidism Hypo/hypermagnesemia Hungry bone syndrome (post parathyoidectomy) phosphate infusion medications alkalosis pancreatitis
6
Q
Hypocalcemia ECG
A
Prolongued QTc
lengthened ST
7
Q
Hyperkalemia symptoms
A
MURDER
Muscle weakness
Urine output (little to none)
Respiratory failure (due to muscle weakness)
Decreased cardiac contractility
Early: muscle twitches/cramps
Rhythm changes: Tall peaked T waves, prolongued PR
8
Q
Hyperkalaemia causes
A
The body CARED too much about K Cellular movement (burns, tissue damage) Adrenal insuffiencieny (addisons) Renal failure Excessive intake Drugs (spironolactone, ACEi, NSAIDs)
9
Q
Hypokalaemia symptoms
A
7Ls Lethargy Leg cramps Limp muscles Low shallow resps Lethal dystythmias Lots of urine Low BP
10
Q
Hypokalaemia causes
A
The body is trying to DITCH K Drugs: Loop diuretics Inadequate K consumption Too much water intake Cushings Heavy fluid loss (NG, vomiting,dairrhea, wound drain)
11
Q
Hypokalaemia ECG changes
A
Increased P width and amplitude prolongued PR flat inverted T waves QT prolongation U wave (after P)- T and U fuse mild ST depression
Progress Test
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