hormones

Question 1

Autocrine vs Paracrine vs endocrine

Answer 1

Autocrine: Biomolecules secreted into interstitial space and act on receptors on the cell it came from.

Paracrine: Biomolecules released in interstitial space bind receptors on adjacent cells.

Endocrine: Biomolecules released in blood. Target cells often distant.

Question 2

4 hormones classes

Answer 2

Question 3

steroid hormones are hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 3

hydrophobic/lipophilic

Question 4

protein hormones are hydrophilic or hydrophobic

Answer 4

hydrophilic

Question 5

protein hormones easily transported through blood, Their half-life is relative short (minutes) and bind receptors on the cell surface thereby activating secondary signaling cascades

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Steroid hormones

Answer 6

derived from cholesterol which are hydrophobic (lipophilic) and usually transported through blood bound to plasma proteins. Their half-life is long (hours, days) and mainly bind intracellular (cytoplasmic or nuclear) receptors.

Question 7

pair the following in terms of pathway similarity:
modified amines thyroid hormones vs modified amines norepinephrine and epinephrine
Steroid Hormone vs peptide hormone

Answer 7

modified amines norepinephrine and epinephrine — peptide hormone
modified amines thyroid hormones — Steroid Hormone

Question 8

steroid hormones pathway (picture)

Answer 8

Question 9

hormones directly or indirectly regulate transcription

Answer 9

indirectly

Question 10

peptide hormones signaling (such as G-protein coupled receptor signaling) is faster but last short
steroid hormones takes longer but is long lasting impact on cells (such as transcription rate changes)

Answer 10

true

Question 11

steroid hormones can also bind to cell surface receptor for faster response

Answer 11

true

Question 12

3 types of Hormone Interactions:

Synergistic interactions vs Permissive interactions vs Antagonistic interactions

Answer 12

Synergistic interactions refer to multiple stimuli lead to more than their additive response. An example would be the combined effect of glucagon, cortisol and epinephrine on target cells leading to greatly increased blood glucose levels compared to either of them alone.

Permissive interactions refer to a hormone eliciting a full response only in the presence of another hormone. An example would be thyroid hormone having a permissive effect on epinephrine on fatty acid release.

Antagonistic interactions refers to hormones that have opposing effects on target cells. An example would be insulin and glucagon. Insulin acts on cells leading to a decrease in blood glucose and glucagon acts on cells leading to an increase in blood glucose.