Immuno Flashcards by Henry zhu

Cardinal signs of Inflammation:

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diapedesis (sometimes called extravasation)

Cytokines also act on the vascular endothelium to induce changes in the expression of adhesion molecules, which allows some leukocytes in the blood to attach and move across the endothelium to enter tissues

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rolling adhesion

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P-selectin and E-selectin

adhesion molecules which results in the ‘rolling adhesion’ of leukocytes

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chemotaxis

after diapedesis, leukocyte will follow chemokines to the site of injury

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sialyl-LewisX carbohydrates

found on neutrophils and other leukocytes.

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tight binding

involve ICAM-1 and LFA-1

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Oxidative burst (aka respiratory burst)

Increased consumption of oxygen by macrophages & neutrophils allowing them to produce toxic metabolites used to kill and/or destroy engulfed materials (such as microbes).

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Fungal cell membranes characteristic

Fungal cell membranes contain ergosterol instead of cholesterol, which increases their membrane rigidity and strength.
They also contain a cell wall containing mannan, glucan, and chitin.

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In yeast, sexual replication is possible for yeasts, and that asexual reproduction promotes genetic diversity.

True

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hyphae

Molds are multicellular organisms consisting of threadlike tubular structures called hyphae

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mycelium

Masses of hyphae are termed mycelium

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conidia

Asexual reproductive structures of molds are called conidia

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endemic vs opportunistic mycoses (Fungal Infections)

endemic mycoses: true pathogens [causing disease in healthy individuals]
opportunistic: the right space, at the right time, in the right conditions.

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3 Fungal Virulence Mechanisms

dimorphism
fungal biofilms
capsule

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different stain to detect fungal infection

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation: remove human cell but not fungal cell
Calcofluor white stain: stains chitin in the cell walls of fungi (fluorescent)
Gomori methenamine silver stain or Periodic acid-Schiff stain: biopsy tissue

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Malassezia furfur (Seborrheic Dermatitis)

(yeast)
Infection of the stratum corneum by fungi

(sebaceous gland)

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Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

(dermatophytes)

(mold)
Infection of the deeper layers of the epidermis (include nails)

(transmit via direct contact or shower floors)

Important: disease name start with Tinea __

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Candida albicans

(Round/oval yeast that reproduces by budding)

both cutaneous and superficial fungal infections.

Maceration [softening and breaking down of skin resulting from prolonged exposure to moisture]

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Sporothrix schenckii

(dimorphic)

found ‘deep’ in the skin, and can involve the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.

Ex: Nodules and ulcers

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Odds Ratios (OR) (Case-control Studies)

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relative risk (RR) (Cohort Studies)

RR = Event rate in exposed group / Event rate in control group

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ecological study

uses data aggregated at the population level, usually based on a geographical location (city, county, state, etc.)

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antifungal pharmacology table

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polyene Macrolides

Amphotericin B (iv), nystatin (topical)

amphotericin b

disrupt fungi membrane via forming pores

Azoles

disrupt synthesis of ergosterol via inhibition of CYP450 synthesis

echinocandins

inhibit cell wall synthesis by inhibiting synthesis of b(1-3)-glucan

Flucytosine

synthetic pyrimidine antimetabolite that inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis, leading to fungal death.

Griseofulvin

interfers with skin microtubule function in dermatophytes, where it binds to keratin, protecting the skin from new infection.

Terbinafine

Terbinafine and naftifine inhibit a fungal enzyme, squalene epoxidase. This causes accumulation of toxic levels of squalene, which can interfere with ergosterol synthesis.

hypervariable regions of T-cells

each V domain each has three hypervariable regions

V, J, and D gene segments are surrounded by recombination signal sequences (RSS). V(D)J recombinase is encoded by the recombination-activating genes (RAG-1 and RAG-2). RAG bind RSS Hairpin structure forms --> coding joint forms

explain junctional diversity in t-cell (with words like P nucleotides, N nucleotides, and enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT))

When the hairpin structure is sliced open, P nucleotides are formed. Nucleotides are removed by exonucleases and added by enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Added nucleotides are called N nucleotides (non germline)

Allelic Exclusion of T cell

only one TCR α chain locus and one TCR β chain locus produce functional genes in a mature T cell (even though there are two alleles for each chain locus)

TCR structure (CD3γ, CD3δ, and CD3ε (CD3-gamma, delta, and epsilon)

Borrelia burgdorferi causing: Lyme Disease [Gram negative spirochete]

bullseye skin rash

R. rickettsii causing: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever [gram negative, coccobacilli]

Leakage of blood from small blood vessels and capillaries, lead to hemorrhagic spots on the skin

R. prowazekii causing: Typhus

bacteria-containing feces

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing: ecthyma gangrenosum [Gram negative bacillus]

Clostridium perfringens causing: gas gangrene [Gram positive, anaerobic bacillus}

Cutibacterium acnes [Gram positive, anaerobic bacillus.]

Mycobacterium leprae causing: Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)

Lepromatous leprosy (left) Tuberculoid leprosy (right)

Vibrio [Gram negative curved bacilli ]

ecchymoses (non-raised skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured blood vessels)

Pasteurella multocida causing: dog bite [Gram-negative coccobacilli ]

Bartonella causing: cat scratch2 [Gram negative coccobacilli ]

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

Western blot (aka Immunoblot)

separated by size

Flow Cytometry

Immunocytochemistry (ICC) & Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

detection antibodies are chemically linked to a fluorescent molecule, and detected with a fluorescence microscope. Note: ICC (cells), IHC (tissues)

Monoclonal Antibodies

a type of treatment to treat immune allergic reaction or cancer by blocking antibody response

Intravenous Immunoglobulin

transfer of other people's antibodies to you to fight diseases

leukocytosis

high WBC count

neutrophilia vs neutropenia vs Left shift vs leukemoid reaction

neutrophilia: more neutrophils than normal neutropenia: less neutrophils than normal left shift: premature neutrophils types are seen (often associated leukemoid reaction when WBC is too high)

peripheral smear pattern

have human look at blood sample (inlcude neutrophils and lymphocytes) under microscope

normal temperature

normal: 97.9 to 100.2 worry: above 104 F lethal: above 106 F

body temperature control mechanism

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha trigger COX-2. COX -2 makes PGE-2. PGE-2 go to hypothalamus to vasoconstrict or vasodilate.

antipyretic therapy (reduce fever)

bacteriostatic versus bactericidal

Bacteriostatic means that the agent prevents the growth of bacteria, and bactericidal implies that the agent kills the bacteria.

Narrow-spectrum vs broad-spectrum

narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective only against a small range of organisms

Penicillin (bactericidal) has beta-lactam ring

it compete with D-ala D-ala of gram positive bacterial peptidoglycan (cell wall). Important: beta-lactamases remove the beta-lactam ring (thus forming bacterial's resistance to penicillin

four types of Protozoa (unicellular)

types of Helminths (multicellular)

four methods of transmission by Protozoa

trophozoite vs cyst (protozoa)

in host, motile, feeding, asexually-multiplying form called a trophozoite coat themselves in a protective shell and shut-down metabolically to become a cyst

four methods of transmission by Helminth (larvae)