testosterone
where is it produced
what it does
interstitial cells of
the testes (leydig cells)
stimulates spermatogenesis
* influences the development of secondary
sex characteristics
* promotes development of facial and body
hair, lowering of voice, secretion of body
oils, acne
inhibits gnrh which reduces the secretion of LH and FSH (more specifically LH, because LH main is to stimulate leydig cells of make testosterone)
inhibits FSH by stimulated Sertoli cells to secrete inhibin
fsh and lsh where is it produced and what it does
produced by the putitary gland
stimulates the production of sperm cells in seminiferous tubles (FSH) (sertoli cells)
LH promotes the production of testosterone (leydig cells)
estrogen
folicle cells
initates secondary female characteristics inhibits fsh/lh, except when u have a high estrogen surge, then LH surge and causes small fsh surge, lh surge causes ovulation
inhibin
secreted by the corpus luteus
main supressor of fsh
(you do not want to recuite folliculars)
progesterone
produced by the corpus luteum
thickening of the endometerum
hyperthermia vs hypothermia
Hyperthermia: heat production or heat gain exceeds heat loss → core temperature rises
Hypothermia: heat loss exceeds heat production → core temperature falls
Hyperthermia
↑ enzyme activity (to a point)
↑ basal metabolic rate
At high temperatures:
→ enzyme denaturation
→ disrupted protein structure
Hypothermia
↓ enzyme activity
↓ metabolic rate
Slowed biochemical reactions → ↓ ATP production
describe the functioning of a nephron including
filtration, reabsorption, and secretion and the
parts involve
filtration
Filtration
Where: Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
What happens:
High blood pressure in the glomerulus forces water and small solutes out of the blood and into Bowman’s capsule.
Large proteins and blood cells remain in the blood.
Filtered substances include:
Water
Glucose
Amino acids
Ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻, K⁺, HCO₃⁻)
Urea
Result: formation of glomerular filtrate
secretion: (adding ions later for fine control)
—> maintain blood pH
proximal convoluted tuble
-. H+, NH4+, drugs
distal convoluted tuble and collecting duck
H+ for pH regulation and
K+ for electrolyte balence
when is aldestone released in the excretory system
-low blood pressure
-low sodium levels
-high potassium levels
stimulus: low bP
sensor: kidnets (juzaglomular cells)
integrator the renin-angiotensin-aldesterson system
effector: adrenal gland (releases the adosterone)
response: (where? distal conulted tuble and collectuing duct) what increased sodium reabsorption and increases water reabsorbtion
