Hormones

Question 1

What type of glands are hormones secreted from?

Answer 1

Endocrine.

Question 2

What glands are responsible for the control and levels of hormones in the body?

Answer 2

• Hypothalamus.

- Pituitary gland.

Question 3

Name the endocrine glands?

Answer 3

• Pituitary.
• Hypothalamus.
• Pancreas.
• Testes/ovaries.
• Mammary glands.
• Thyroid/parathyroid.
• Adrenal cortex/medulla.

Question 4

What are hormones?

Answer 4

Chemical messengers which control how we respond to the environment around us.

Question 5

What are the key roles hormones play?

Answer 5

• Growth and development.
• Sleep.
• Sexual function.
• Reproduction.
• Metabolism.
• Fluid and electrolyte balance.
• Emotions and moods.

Question 6

What is a target cell?

Answer 6

Particular cells that are able to receive and respond to the hormones message.

• They possess the appropriate hormone receptors.

Question 7

How do hormones travel from the endocrine gland to the target cell?

Answer 7

Through the bloodstream.

Question 8

Which part of the target cell do hormones connect to?

Answer 8

The receptor.

Question 9

How do hormones differ from neuronal signalling?

Answer 9

• Spread slowly.

- Act throughout the body.

Question 10

What are some of the changes hormones produce in the target cell?

Answer 10

• Permeability of the cell membrane.
• Stimulation of synthesis of proteins.
• Activation or deactivation of enzymes.
• Stimulation of cell division.

Question 11

What does the change in the target cell depend on?

Answer 11

• The specific hormone.

- Type of target cell.

Question 12

What are the 2 main groups of hormones?

Answer 12

1) . Steroid hormones.

2) . Protein hormones.

Question 13

What is a steroid hormone?

Answer 13

derived from cholesterol and lipid-soluble molecules.

Question 14

What are protein hormones?

Answer 14

Consist of amino acids.

Question 15

What is a short strong of amino acids called?

Answer 15

Peptide hormone.

Question 16

What is a single modified amino acid called?

Answer 16

Amine hormones.

Question 17

Why are activities in the body controlled and co-ordinated?

Answer 17

so that homeostasis is maintained.

Question 18

Which group of hormones are released when the endocrine gland is stimulated by a specific signal?

Answer 18

Protein hormones.

Question 19

Which group of hormones are not stored in endocrine glands, and released as soon as they are made?

Answer 19

Steroid hormones.

Question 20

Which receptors do steroid hormones interact with on the target cell?

Answer 20

Cytoplasmic receptors (intracellular receptors).

Question 21

Which receptors do protein hormones interact with on the target cell?

Answer 21

Interact with the cell surface receptors (plasma membrane receptors).

Question 22

What is the genomic effect?

Answer 22

Steroid hormones =

• bind passively to large receptor molecules in target cells.
• steroid-receptor complex binds to DNA.
• altering the expression of certain genes.

Question 23

How do protein hormones interact with target cells?

Answer 23

• Hormone receptor complex activates chemicals (second messengers).
• These diffuse through the target cell and activate enzymes.
• Leads to activation of further enzymes in a cascade reaction.
• Activates the cell.

Question 24

How do steroid hormones interact with target cells?

Answer 24

• Steroid hormone binds to steroid receptor in cytoplasm.
• Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus.
• Complex binds to receptor sites on chromatin.
• Activates mRNA transcription.

Question 25

What embeds the protein hormone receptors?

Answer 25

Phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane.

Question 26

How is hormone synthesis and release controlled?

Answer 26

By positive and negative feedback mechanisms.

Question 27

What are the 3 ways endocrine glands, tissues or cells controlled?

Answer 27

1) . Chemical (ions/nutrients). 2) . Neural. 3) . Hormonal (from hypothalamus and pituitary gland).

Question 28

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 28

- Detect internal/external stimuli. | - Link between the nervous system and endocrine system.

Question 29

What is the link between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Answer 29

Producing releasing and inhibiting hormones which regulate the action of the anterior pituitary gland.

Question 30

How are hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 30

Attached to plasma proteins.

Question 31

What do steroid hormones require in order to be transported?

Answer 31

A binding protein.

Question 32

Which type of hormones are freely transported in the blood?

Answer 32

Water soluble.

Question 33

Are steroid hormones water soluble or lipid soluble?

Answer 33

Lipid soluble.