1
Q
When were horses first domesticated?
A
8000-5000 BC in Eurasia
2
Q
When were horses completely domesticated?
A
1000 BC
3
Q
who introduced horses to North America?
A
Spanish conquisatodores
4
Q
what are wild horses descended from escaped Spanish horses called?
A
mustangs
5
Q
in 1900, what percentage of US farms had horses?
A
79%
6
Q
in 1992, what percentage of US farms had horses?
A
18%
7
Q
for contributing 1 job, how many horses?
A
6.25 horses
8
Q
Total amount of Canadian horses by top 3 provinces
A
- Alberta: 32.5% (315 500 horses )
- Ontario: 22.1% (212 500 horses)
- Quebec: 13.4% (129 000 horses)
9
Q
in 2007, what was the economy of the horse industry annually?
A
~$190-200 million
10
Q
for the revenue of livestock sector, how much money is contributed and what Is the percent of horses?
A
Horses make up about 5% of the livestock sector’s $4 billion in revenue.
11
Q
in 2007, what was the annually recorded recreational economy?
A
~500 million
- Tourism
- Equipment + Employment + Services
- Horse related entertainment
12
Q
what is an intact male horse called?
A
stallion
13
Q
what is a castrated male horse called?
A
gelding
14
Q
what is a young male horse called?
A
colt
15
Q
what is a young female horse called?
A
filly
16
Q
what is an adult female horse called?
A
mare
17
Q
what is a baby horse called?
A
foal
18
Q
how many inches are in one hand?
A
4 inches
19
Q
What anatomical structure is used to measure a horse’s height?
A
the withers
20
Q
where are the withers located?
A
at the base of the neck, highest point of the back
21
Q
what is another name for the coffin bone?
A
P3 or distal phalanx
22
Q
where is the coffin bone located?
A
inside the hoof
23
Q
what are the 3 broad horse groups?
A
ponies, light horse, heavy horse
24
Q
what are the 3 different “blood” horse groups
A
hot, warm, cold blood
25
what are characteristics of a hot blood?
lighter bodies, built for speed, high strung temperament, flighty
26
what are characteristics of warm bloods?
Mild temperament, Calm spirit, Athletic
27
what are characteristics of cold bloods?
very mild, docile, good with children, intelligent, large heavy build
28
which horse type is best suited for racing?
hot bloods
29
name hot blood breeds
arabian, thoroughbred, quarter horse
30
what disciplines are warm bloods commonly used for?
dressage, jumping, 3 day eventing
31
name cold blood breeds
Percheron, clydesdale, or shire
32
which horse breed is considered the oldest in the world?
arabian
33
what facial feature is characteristic of Arabian horses?
dish face
34
What performance trait are Arabian horses especially known for?
excellent stamina and very agile
35
name ancestry classifications of Arabian horses
polish, egyptian, spanish, Russian, domestic
36
Thoroughbreds were developed from how many foundation Arabian stallions?
three
37
thoroughbreds are fastest at what race distance?
intermediate distance (3/4 mile - 1.5 miles)
38
breeds influenced by thoroughbred crossbreeding
quarter horse, Standardbred, or Irish sport horse
39
What breed is fastest over a quarter mile?
quarter horse
40
which breed is known for strong hindquarters?
quarter horse
41
Quarter Horses were developed from crosses involving which two major breeds?
arabian and thoroughbred (plus English breeds and mustangs)
42
what type of work quarter horses were commonly used for in North America?
cattle work
43
what thoroughbred sire founded the Standardbred breed?
messenger
44
Standardbreds are primarily used in what type of racing?
harness racing
45
What is the difference between a trotter and a pacer?
Trotter moves diagonal leg pairs; pacer moves same-side leg pairs.
46
Can Standardbreds be used outside harness racing?
yes (ex. dressage, hunter/jumper)
47
what is the offspring of a male donkey x female horse?
mule
48
what is the offspring of a female donkey x male horse?
hinny
49
What two base coat colors exist in horses?
black and red (chestnut)
50
What cells produce coat color pigment?
melanocytes
51
what pigment determines coat color?
melanin
52
Do true chestnut horses have black points?
no
53
what do true black horses have?
no red hair
54
What type of gene is the grey and white gene?
dominant masking gene
55
What happens when a foal is homozygous for the dominant white/overo gene?
lethal white foal syndrome
56
what is the main defect in LWFS?
intestinal aganglionosis
57
when do affected foals show signs?
within first 12 hours of life
58
What are typical traits of heterozygous carriers?
pink skin, light coloured eyes, white coat pattern
59
Why are teeth critical in horses?
Important of digesting cellulose, helps in hind gut fermentation
60
what percentage of horses have wolf teeth?
70%
61
What are wolf teeth?
small vesitigial premolars in front of grinding teeth
62
What can uneven wear cause?
mouth injuries and poor feed efficiency
63
what is the normal resting heart rate of a horse?
35-40 bpm
64
what percentage of body weight does the average horse heart weigh?
~0.94%
65
Why is a larger heart advantageous in racehorses?
increased stroke volume and oxygen delivery
66
What type of fermenter is a horse?
hindgut fermenters for fiber digestion
67
where does fermentation occur in horses?
cecum and colon
68
what do microbial fermentation products provide?
volatile fatty acids (energy source)
69
what is the function of prehensile lips?
selective grazing and feed manipulation
70
What is the average gestation length in mares?
340 days
71
how long does active labor typically last?
10-15 minutes
72
are mares seasonal breeders?
yes, seasonal polyestrous
73
how long does estrus last in mares?
5-7 days
74
what day does breeding start?
Day 3 of estrus and continues every other day until mare refuses breeding
75
Why is colostrum critical for foals?
Provides antibodies for immune protection
- if not foals often succumb to
infection
- must receive colostrum within first 12-24 hrs
76
what are the 5 main senses of a horse?
1. vision
2. hearing
3. taste
4. smell
5. Flehmen reaction
77
what type of vision do horses have?
monocular vision
- wide field of vision and eyes see
independently
- cannot see directly in-front (forehead) or behind (tail)
78
what is the hearing range of horses
14 Hz - 25 kHz
79
how many muscles control horse ear movement?
10
80
what tastes do horses prefer?
sweet and salty
81
how do foals and mares bond?
through smelling
82
What is the purpose of the Flehmen reaction?
Enhance pheromone detection via vomeronasal organ
83
what does colic mean?
abdominal pain
84
why is colic an emergency in horses?
high risk of severe GI complications and death
85
What is the annual incidence of colic?
4.2 per 100 horses
86
What percentage of colic cases are fatal?
~ 11%
87
Signs of colic?
- curling lips, pawing, kicking at belly, laying down, rolling
- Pulse rate elevated, sweating, pink to blue gums
88
what are the two categories of colic?
1. colic by cause
2. colic by location
89
what is digestive colic usually caused by?
dehydration or dry feed
90
which anatomical location most commonly causes colic?
large colon
91
what is spasmodic or gas colic
eating too fast or toxins in feed
92
what is sand colic?
Sand ingestion
93
what is Impaction colic?
not enough water
94
what are types of colic by cause?
1. digestive colic
2. spasmodic or gas colic
3. sand colic
4. impaction colic
95
Why is location-based classification preferred?
helps determine severity and treatment
96
Why are horses at risk for gastric rupture?
Stomach will rupture as fluids content
increase as horses can not vomit
97
What can cause gastric dilatation?
intestinal obstruction or excess gas
98
Is stomach impaction colic common?
No, less common than other causes
99
what are the most common intestinal causes of colic?
1. obstruction
2. strangulation
3. intussusception
4. inflammation (enteritis / colitis)
5. Volvulus
6. ascarid impaction
7. cranial mesenteric arteritis
8. Enteroliths and cecal impaction
100
What is volvulus?
180° or greater twisting of intestine around mesenteric axis
101
what is intussusception
Telescoping of one intestinal segment into another
102
what is Ileal impaction?
most common location of impaction in small intestine
103
what are treatments for colic?
- mild excersize
- NSAIDS
- stomach tube
- fluid rehydration
- feed & water management
- surgery
- deworm
104
why is walking recommended in mild colic?
Stimulates motility and prevents rolling
105
what is the purpose of a stomach tube in colic?
relieve pressure and remove gastric reflux
106
When is surgery required in colic?
strangulation, volvulus, severe obstruction
107
What type of virus causes EIA (equine infectious anemia)?
RNA retrovirus (lentivirus)
108
is EIA a lifelong infection?
yes
109
Which countries are considered free of EIA?
Iceland and japan
110
what type of disease is EIA considered?
sporadic disease
111
What is the incubation period of EIA?
7-45 days
112
Where does the EIA virus persist long-term?
Leukocytes
113
Why does EIA cause anemia?
immune mediated destruction of RBCs
114
What are the three clinical forms of EIA?
acute, chronic, inapparent carrier
115
what does EIA infect?
different cell lineages: RBC,
macrophage, monocytes, endothelial cells
116
what is the main transmissions route of EIA?
mechanical transmission by biting flies
117
Why is EIA more likely to spread locally?
flies do not travel long distances
118
can EIA be transmitted in utero?
yeah, also by contaminated needles, milk and semen
119
What is the gold standard test for EIA?
coggins test (AGID)
- another antibody test is ELISA
120
What is the gold standard test for EIA?
antibodies take 2-3 weeks to develop
121
what are the two types of tests used to identify EIA
1. antibody tests
2. molecular tests
122
What test is useful in foals from infected mares?
PCR
123
Is there an effective vaccine for EIA?
no
124
What are the control options for EIA-positive horses?
euthanasia or permanent isolation
125
what is laryngeal hemiplegia?
excerisize intolerance
126
Which side is most commonly affected in laryngeal hemiplegia?
left
127
Why is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve more vulnerable?
It travels around the aortic arch and is longer
128
What structure collapses in laryngeal hemiplegia?
left arytenoid cartilage and left vocal fold
129
Why does roaring occur?
Turbulent airflow through narrowed glottis
130
what is the pathophysiology of LH?
- Progressive loss of distal myelinated nerve fibers
- Denervation of laryngeal muscles (left side)
131
what does more excersize do for LH?
More exercise will further collapse the
trachea and more difficulty breathing
132
True or false: Most horses with laryngeal hemiplegia sound
normal at rest
true
133
what is the gold standard surgical treatment of LH?
prosthetic laryngoplasty
134
what are treatments for LH?
- prosthetic laryngoplasty
- Laryngeal ventriculectomy
135
what are complications of LH?
- Chronic cough
- Aspiration of feed
- Implant failure/infection
136
Why don't horses with LH fully return to peak performance?
loss of normal dynamic arytenoid control
137
Most serious complication of LH?
aspiration pneumonia
138
what surgery mainly reduces noise of LH in horses?
Laryngeal ventriculectomy
139
what does Founder mean?
collapse or give away
140
what structure fails in laminitis?
laminae attaching coffin bone to hoof wall
141
lifetime incidence of Laminitis in horses?
about 1 in 7 horses
142
most serious structural consequence of Laminitis?
coffin bone rotation or sinking
143
what is laminitis?
inflammation of structures attaching the hoof to the 3rd phalanx bone
- Failure or loss of attachment of the laminar basal epithelial cells of the epidermal laminae with dermal laminae
144
What enzymes degrade the basement membrane in laminitis?
matrix metalloproteinases
145
what adhesion structures fail in laminitis?
hemidesmosomes
146
what bone rotates in laminitis and what does sinking indicate?
3rd phalanx --> severe circumferential laminar failure
147
what are the 10 causes of Laminitis?
1. endocrine disease
2. excessive grain intake
3. grazing on pasture
4. excessive or concussive excersize
5. obesity
6. stress from disease or trauma
7. use of corticosteroid drugs
8. walnut shavings in bedding
9. small hooves or poor hoof quality
10. infections
148
What are the two major endocrine diseases associated with laminitis?
Cushing’s disease (Hyperadrenocorticism) or
Equine Metabolic Syndrome
149
What hormone is primarily responsible for endocrine laminitis?
excess insulin
150
Why does spring pasture cause laminitis?
high sugar content
151
Name infectious causes associated with laminitis.
- diarrhea (bacterial[salmonella], rickettsia [Potomac Horse
fever], retained placenta, septicemia
152
diagnosis of laminitis
- Clinical exam and history
- Radiographs
- Nerve blocks
153
what are the 3 forms of lamititis
1. acute
2. subacute
3. chronic
154
what are signs of acute lamititis?
hot hoofs, painful to walk, depressed, decrease appetite , prominent digital pulse
- only severe incidence leads to
3rd phalanx rotation and sinking
155
what are treatments for laminitis?
- NSAID
- Acepromazine
- Ice around hoof
- No exercise
- Shoeing
- surgery
- prevention by weight
156
why is laminitis considered a medical emergency?
risk of 3rd phalanx rotation or sinking
157
What is the prognosis during active laminitis?
always guarded until laminar stability is resorted
158
what NSAID is commonly used to treat laminitis pain?
flunixin meguline
159
Why is acepromazine sometimes given?
sedation and to increase blood flow to the hoof (vasodilation)
160
What is the goal of corrective shoeing in laminitis?
realign the 3rd phalanx with the hoof wall and reduce stress
161
What surgical procedure may be performed in severe cases of laminitis?
deep digital flexor tendon tenotomy
Ansc 120
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
Companion animals and theories of human-animal relationships33
-
Cat behaviour36
-
Dog Behaviour42
-
Learning and Modification of Behaviour44
-
Working and Courthouse Dogs27
-
Cat breeds, history, physiology, health66
-
The big three feline viruses38
-
Dog breeds, history, physiology, health40
-
Nature vs Nurture19
-
Dog and cat reproduction49
-
Animal Bites78
-
Dog viruses pt. 261
-
Horses161
-
Rabbits76
-
Rodents & Ferrets85
