1
Q
What is human development?
A
The study of human development is the examination of continuity and change across the lifespan
2
Q
Four sections of continuity and change in human development
A
- Sensation and perception
- Cognition and language
- Emotion
- Social and moral behaviour
3
Q
Four main periods of human development
A
- Prenatal period and infancy (conception –> 2-3 years)
- Childhood (2-3 – 11 years)
- Adolesence (12 – end of brain development)
- Adulthood (end of brain development — death)
4
Q
Stages of prenatal development
A
- Germinal (0-2 weeks)
- Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
- Fetal (9 weeks - birth)
5
Q
What happens in germinal stage?
A
Conception
6
Q
What happens in embryonic stage?
A
Organ development
7
Q
What happens in fetal stage?
A
More development ; sensory experiences ; and learning
8
Q
Four experiences and learning during the fetal period
A
- Neurogenesis
- Myelination
- Synaptogenesis
- Synaptic pruning
9
Q
Neurogenesis
A
Creation of new neurons
10
Q
Myelination
A
Formation of the myelin sheath around axons, improving signal speed and efficiency
11
Q
Synaptogenesis
A
Formations of synapses (connections) between neurons
12
Q
Synaptic pruning
A
Brain eliminates weaker or unused synaptic connections, strengthening the more frequently used ones.
13
Q
What does fetuses experience in utero?
A
- Tastes and smells
- Sounds (hearing)
- Tactile sensation
- Teratogens
14
Q
How does fetuses react to sound?
A
- Fetal heartbeat changes in reaction to external voices being played
- Heartbeat is different in reaction to music than it is to human speech
- Newborn babies recognize their mother’s language and their mother’s voice
15
Q
What are teratogens?
A
- External agents that cause damage or death during prenatal development, such as alcohol, nicotine, parasites, and viruses
- Most affect fetuses during a series of critical and sensitive periods
16
Q
What is the neonatal period?
A
Newborn
17
Q
How does neonatal spend their day?
A
Mostly sleeping
18
Q
Perceptual development process?
A
- Begins in utero
- Much richer after birth in terms of development
19
Q
Visually advanced organisms prefer to look at images that have ….
A
texture
19
Q
Ways to measure an infants perception?
A
Preferential looking –> Choose to spend more of their time looking at objects and events that are interesting, stimulating, or familiar.
20
Q
Infant’s visual acuity?
A
- Infant’s visual acuity increases from approximately 20/400 to 20/120 in the 1st month
21
Q
When does an infant reach adult like visual acuity?
A
By 6 months
22
Q
Motor development in infancy?
A
Perception is developed the same time movement (motor) reflex is developed
23
Q
Development of sophisticated motor behaviour follows 2 rules:
A
- Cephalocaudal rule
- Proximodistal rule
24
Cephalocaudal rule
‘Top-to-bottom’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
25
Proximodistal rule
‘Inside-to-outside’ rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
26
Motor development have ... differences
cultural differences
27
As motor development skills gets more complicated, does the time range gets wider or smaller?
wider
28
When does children's cognitive development start?
When children's perceptual and motor abililities develop, they learn to think about the world around them
29
What is cognitive development?
This process of learning to think and understand
30
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development
1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
2. Pre-operational stage (2-6 years)
3. Concrete operational stage (6-11 years)
4. Formal operational stage (11 years - adulthood)
31
Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
Understanding the world through sensory experiences and motor actions
32
Pre-operational stage (2-6 years)
Rapid growth of language and symbolic thought, but thinking is still intuitive and not logical
33
Concrete operational stage (6-11 years)
Beginning of logical thinking, but only about concrete, tangible situations
34
Formal operational stage (11 years-adulthood)
Development of abstract, hypothetical, and scientific reasoning
35
According to Piaget, how do children acquire and treat new information?
- Acquire knowledge
- Organize knowledge into a schema
- Acquire new knowledge
- Add this new knowledge to their existing schema (assimilation)
- Acquire knowledge that does not fit within their existing schema
- Modify their schema to fit this new knowledge (accommodation)
36
When does children move from egocentrism to sociocentrism?
Preoperational stage (2-6 years)
37
When does children develop a working theory of mind?
Preoperational stage (2-6 years)
38
What is a theory of mind?
The understanding that human behaviour is guided by a mental representations, and that these mental representations differ across individuals
39
Which one is more egocentric, infants or older children?
infants
40
Essential part of healthy human development
Emotional bond --> Attachment
41
What does infants require for normal development?
attachment figure
42
How do we measure attachment differences in infants?
- Extent to which an infant uses their caregiver as a secure base
- How infants react to reunions with their caregiver after short separations
- Use the Strange Situation Procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth
43
Strange Situation procedure
Ainsworth proposed that infants can be securely OR insecurely attached to their caregivers
Infant’s attachment style predicts many outcomes in adulthood.
44
What does an infant's attachment style predicts in adulthood?
- Academic achievement
- Emotional Health
- Relationship quality
- Self-esteem
45
When does positivity bias decline in children?
School age
46
Why does positivity bias decline at school age?
- Social comparison begins
- Cognitive skills increase
--> Perspective-taking increases
- Schools begin objective evaluations
47
Self-esteem inconsistency chart
- Young children have high self-esteem
- Adolescents have relatively lower self-esteem
--> True for women
- Adults gain self-esteem gradually throughout development
- Elderly adults begin to lose self-esteem
48
Compared to other people, an individual's self-esteem is...
relatively consistent across the lifespan
49
Rank-order stability
on many traits in society, humans maintain their rank relative to their peers. Children with lower self-esteem tend to have lower self-esteem as adults
50
Much variability in self-esteem is due to...
Heredity
51
What is adolescence?
Adolescence is the period of development between childhood and adulthood
52
Time range of adolescence?
- Starts at puberty
- End of brain maturation
53
Two major physiological changes during adolescence?
- Puberty
- Increase and refinement of connections in the prefrontal cortex
54
Other physiological changes during adolescence are...?
- Self-esteem
- Identity
- Morality
- Sexuality
55
What is the chief task of adolescence according to Erik Erikson?
Identity formation is the chief task of adolescence
56
Challenges during identity formation?
- Identity confusion
- Identity foreclosure
- Negative identity
57
Challenges during identity formation - Identity confusion
- Incomplete and incoherent sense of self
- Happen very common
58
Challenges during identity formation - Identity foreclosure
Premature identity choice
59
Challenges during identity formation - Negative identity
- Formed in opposition to others/social norms
- Teens rebel against parents
60
Most people emerge from identity formation with...
Stable identity
61
Additional challenges & achievements in adolescence
- Abstract thinking
- Self-socialization
- Personal fable
- Imaginary audience
62
Personal fable
Idea that one’s own experience is unique to them and others can’t understand it
63
Imaginary audience
Adolescents believe that they are the center of everyone’s attention
64
Adult changes to physiology...
- Change in sensory systems
- Changes to brain structure
65
Adult changes in psychological state...
- Changes in memory storage and retrieval
- Slowing of cognitive processes
--> These cognitive decline are outweighed by adult’s vast experiences (strategies)
66
Changes in memory on adulthood
- Memory declines
67
2 Types of memory?
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
68
Episodic memory
Ability to remember past events
69
Semantic memory
Ability to remember general information
PSYA02 Flashcard Midterm
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
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