2 things unique to the human language
- Symbols
- Generativity
Symbols
Arbitrary pairings → How a red octagon universally means “Stop”
Generativity
- “Green rabbits hop through the night on their way to school”
- Ability to create new ideas and can immediately be understood
Parts of languages
- Phonemes
- Morphemes
- Semantics
- Syntax
- Pragmatics
- Metalinguistics
Parts of languages - Phonemes
- Smallest units of sound recognizable as speech rather than random noise
- Example: consonants and vowels
- Each languages have a unique set of phonemes
- Not all languages use all phonemes
Parts of languages - Morphemes
- Smallest meaningful units of language
- Me → 1 morpheme word
- Tex-ting → 2 morpheme word
- Un-fair-ly → 3 morpheme word
Parts of languages - Syntax
- Rules governing how words are combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences
- Different across languages
Parts of languages - Semantics
- Meaning of words, phrases, and sentences
- Concerns vocabulary and how language conveys meaning
- Example: understanding that “dog” refers to a specific animal
Parts of languages - Pragmatics
- Social rules of language use in context
- Understanding tone, implied meaning, politeness, and conversational norms
- Example: knowing that “Can you pass the salt?” is a request, not a question about ability
Parts of language - Metalinguistics
- Ability to think about and reflect on language itself
- Awareness of grammar, word structure, and language as a system
- Example: recognizing that “cat” and “bat” rhyme or noticing grammatical errors
4 types of bilingualism
- Simultaneous (early) bilingualism
- Sequential bilingualism
- Heritage bilingualism
- Adult second-language bilingualism
Early bilingualism
Child learn multiple languages from birth
Sequential bilingualism
Learn one language at home ; learn another at school
Heritage bilingualism
Self-explanatory
Adult second-language bilingualism
Probably never reach native fluency
What is intelligence?
A set of abilities that increase an organism’s likelihood of survival and reproduction
How do we measure intelligence?
- Traditional IQ test
- Modern IQ test
Who invented the first IQ test? what did it consist of?
- Alfred binet
- Consist of puzzles, object naming, and counting
Types of modern IQ test? what does it test on?
- Wechsler intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
–> Test specific skills that correlate with academic, professional, and social success
IQ test are created to produce a standard score in the … and … in which they are presented
age group and location
Mean score on IQ tests is designed to be …
100
Standard deviation of an IQ test is designed to be …
15
IQ scores follow a….
normal dis
Intelligence might predict…
- Academic success
- Economic success
- Occupational success
