HUMAN PERFORMANCE (6 sub*Basic Aviation Psychology)

Question 1

Factors having a negative impact on human reliability include:

1. Complacency
2. Low or medium workload
3. Fatigue
4. Distraction
5. Missing awareness

1, 3, 4 and 5
1, 2 and 5
1, 2, 3 and 4
1, 2, 3 and 5

Answer 1

1, 3, 4 and 5

Question 2

Which situations are particularly prone to “reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern”?

1. Concentration on a particular task is relaxed
2. Situations characterized by stress
3. Situations characterized by medium workload

3 only.
1 and 3.
2 only.
1 and 2.

Answer 2

1 and 2.

Question 3

The expression “when perception matches reality” is a description for the term:

Alertness
Cockpit synergy
Situation Awareness
Open-mindedness

Answer 3

Situation Awareness

Question 3

The factors motivation, crew climate and “confirmation bias”…

are easy to control for each indiviudal.
can influence the situational awareness.
can not be changed for an individual.
have no effect on good teamwork.

Answer 3

can influence the situational awareness.

Question 4

The description “accurate perception of operational and environmental factors affecting the flight” is a definition for:

Situation awareness.
Mental model.
Cognitive illusion.
Loss of situational awareness.

Answer 4

Situation awareness.

Question 4

To know the state of the aircraft (actual position, departure aerodrome, arrival aerodrome) and environmental factors that may effect the flight, is referred to as…

situation awareness.
operational awareness.
vigilance.
general knowledge.

Answer 4

situation awareness.

Question 5

Waiting for take-off on the runway, a pilot is informed by the tower that the tail wind component is 12 kt. According to the manual, the limitation is 10 kt. The pilot decides to take off anyway, as the runway is very long.
This type of error is known as…

a confirmation error.
a violation.
a decision error.
a minor error.

Answer 5

a violation.

Question 5

With regard to types of errors, which of the following statements is correct?
1. In case of NOT checking latest weather and wind and assuming incorrect (too large) amount of fuel on board, is a “knowledge-based error”.
2. In case of missing a waypoint (or turning point) due to being focused on a technical problem, thereafter continuing the flight as planned, was a “slip”.

1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.
1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.
1 is correct, 2 is correct.
1 is correct, 2 is incorrect.

Answer 5

1 is correct, 2 is correct.

Question 5

If a pilot has constructed a mental model, the tendency usually is to…

• give equal weight to confirming as well as contradicting information.
• try to change the constructed model as often as possible.
• overweight information that contradicts the model.
• overweight information that confirms the model.

Answer 5

• overweight information that confirms the model.

Question 6

An analysis of accidents involving human factors in aviation reveals that…

in most cases a single cause is responsible.
a single cause is hardly ever responsible.
human and technical failures are always connected.
only front-line operators are involved.

Answer 6

a single cause is hardly ever responsible.

Question 7

With regard to James Reason, different categories of error include:
1. Slips and Lapses
2. Faults and oversights
3. Mistakes
4. Omissions and deficiencies
5. Violations
6. Flaws and anomalies

1, 2, 3, 4 and 6.
1, 3 and 5.
1, 2 and 3.
2, 4 and 6.

Answer 7

1, 3 and 5.

Question 8

Which answer describes the current approach to human error?

• Realisation that humans are infallible and that systems/procedures should be designed to minimise human error.
• Realisation that humans are fallible and therefore all work should be done by systems, which are generally infallible.
• Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error.
• Realisation that humans are infallible and that systems and procedures should be improved to be brought in line.

Answer 8

• Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to minimise human error.

Question 9

An unnoticed error when entering a waypoint in an aircraft data base is a:

Latent failure/error
Negligible failure/error
Professional error
Pro-active failure/error

Answer 9

Latent failure/error

Question 10

Which of the answers below best describes the concept of latent error?

• Latent errors usually become apparent right after they have been made
• Latent errors are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line operators and are quickly identified and detected
• Latent errors may have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to identify as a result of the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error
• Latent errors are rarely made by front-line operators, consequently they are readily detected by the monitoring, detection and warning links and therefore rarely cause problems

Answer 10

• Latent errors may have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to identify as a result of the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error

Question 11

A situation is which a pilot intending to operate the gear operates by mistake another handle, is an example for…

an error chain.
environmental capture.
an action slip.
a violation.

Answer 11

an action slip.

Question 11

Which of the answers below best describes the concept of an active error?
An active error is…

• rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect.
• a hidden error which results in consequence at a later time.
• produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected.
• a result of the application of a bad rule by aircraft designers.

Answer 11

• produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected.

Question 12

A situation where an airline reduces costs by reductions in flight training departement is an example for…

a violation.
an active error.
a slip.
a latent error.

Answer 12

a latent error.

Question 13

A situation where an airline reduces costs by reductions in flight training departement is an example for…

a violation.
an active error.
a slip.
a latent error.

Answer 13

a latent error.

Question 14

The description of the term “Environmental capture” includes:
1. Tendency for a skill to be executed in an environment in which it is frequently exercised
2. Tendency for a skill acquired in one aircraft type to be executed in a new aircraft type, even if it is inappropriate to do so
3. Tendency for people to behave in different ways in different social situations
4. Gaining of environmental skills

1 and 3
1 and 2
2 and 4
2 and 3

Answer 14

1 and 2

Question 15

Examples illustrating factors in external error generation in the flight crew compartment are:
1. Ergonomic: incorrect selection of flaps due to weak mechanic.
2. Social: Misunderstaning between crew members due to strong accent.

1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.
1 is correct, 2 is incorrect.
1 is correct, 2 is correct.
1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.

Answer 15

1 is correct, 2 is correct.

Question 16

State the three major causes of external error generation in the cockpit:

• Impulsiveness, improper technique and the physical environment.
• Economics, ergonomics and the social environment.
• Economics, lack of motivation and an inappropriate cognitive style.
• Social environment, ergonomics and over-confidence.

Answer 16

• Economics, ergonomics and the social environment.

Question 17

Organisational factors affecting or influencing human error are:
1. malfunction of technical systems
2. fuel-saving policies
3. rostering
4. weather phenomena
Which of the following options lists all correct answers?

1 and 2
3 and 4
2 and 4
2 and 3

Answer 17

2 and 3

Question 17

Examples illustrating factors in external error generation in the flight crew compartment are:
1. Ergonomic: distraction followed by non-operation related discussions.
2. Economic: accepting a shortcut from ATC resulting in a too close turn to approach with following unstable approach.

1 is correct, 2 is correct.
1 is correct, 2 is incorrect.
1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.
1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect.

Answer 17

1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.

Question 18

Among the objectives of creating a human centred man-machine interfaces is to ensure that it…

• is standardised for all aircrafts to make it easier for pilots to change to different aircrafts since they have familiar cockpit displays.
• is durable and capable of reducing automation errors, especially during the challenging phases of flight.
• is complex and reduces error to a minimum acceptable level.
• is simpler and dificult at the same time for a human or automation to make errors.

Answer 18

• is simpler and dificult at the same time for a human or automation to make errors.

Question 19

Ergonomics are associated with... the software/hardware interface. the human/workplace interface. human communications. processing of information.

Answer 19

the human/workplace interface.

Question 20

Error tolerance aims at improving the system in its ability to (1) ___, as for example by (2) ____. - (1) prevent all errors, (2) minimizing consequences errors may have. - (1) sustain in case of errors, (2) maximizing consequences errors may have. - (1) prevent all errors, (2) maximizing individual consequences for persons making errors. - (1) sustain in case of errors, (2) minimizing consequences errors may have.

Answer 20

- (1) sustain in case of errors, (2) minimizing consequences errors may have.

Question 21

Error prevention, error reduction, error detection, error recovery and error tolerance are error management strategies with the aim... to reduce human errors and their impact. to increase pressure on crew members to avoid errors. to identify single responsibilities for punishment. to completely eliminate human errors.

Answer 21

to reduce human errors and their impact.

Question 22

Which methods can be used to counteract human error? 1. Reducing error-prone mechanisms, 2. Improving the way in which error is taken into account in training, 3. Sanctions against the initiators of error, 4. Improving error detection techniques. 1 and 2 3 and 4 2, 3 and 4 1, 2 and 4

Answer 22

1, 2 and 4

Question 23

Factors contributing to human error include: 1. Emotional state and affection 2. Motivation and attitudes 3. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) 4. Personality 1, 2 and 3 1, 3 and 4 1, 2 and 4 2, 3 and 4

Answer 23

1, 2 and 4

Question 24

Advantage of planning and anticipating future actions can be illustrated by: 1. Ability for quick decision for diverting to an alternate aerodrome after enroute engine failure, known from the planning phase. 2. Ability for quick decition to turn back or proceed over water area after engine failure due to precise knowledge of the route. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect.

Answer 24

1 is correct, 2 is correct.

Question 24

Advantage of planning and anticipating future actions can be illustrated by: 1. Before a flight with high mass on a hot day, re-calculating take-off performance and decision to delay the flight to another day. 2. Request assistance by ATC in case of an emergency during flight. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect. 1 is correct, 2 is correct. 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect. 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct.

Answer 24

1 is correct, 2 is incorrect.

Question 24

With regard to Error Management, a strategy to decrease human error is: Error evaluation. Error detection. Error intolerance. Error analysis.

Answer 24

Error detection.

Question 25

Situational awareness describes a situation or condition where... - a properly-trained individual's ability is necessary to remain vigilant and alert throughout the flight. - an individual is able to effectively manage all available resources throughout the flight. - the pilot has an accurate perception of operational and environmental factors affecting the flight. - the pilot has acute awareness of all navigational and operational aspects inside the cockpit only.

Answer 25

- the pilot has an accurate perception of operational and environmental factors affecting the flight.

Question 26

While flying the approach the co-pilot is asked to select a higher flap setting by the commander. The co-pilot reaches for the gear lever and lowers the landing gear instead of selecting the next flap setting. This error is referred to as a(n) _____ . violation omission environmental capture slip

Answer 26

slip

Question 26

Consider a situation where the captain of a flight believes the co-pilot has made a radio call, but did not ask for subsequent confirmation. The radio call was, however, not made. In this situation, the captain has... a false mental model. made an action slip. confirmation bias. made a violation.

Answer 26

a false mental model.

Question 27

The crew of a commercial flight is ready for engine start after completion of the pre-flight checks. Due to a late arrival of the passengers the PIC requests an immediate take-off clearance, which is granted, in order to keep the original time for take-off. To save time, the PIC completes the pre-take-off checks from memory while taxiing and does not use the checklist. After take-off the crew notice that the pitot heat, an item from the checklist, had been omitted. The PIC's decision to NOT use the checklist was a/an (1) _____ and the omission to check the pitot heat was a/an (2) _____. (1) violation; (2) lapse in execution (1) rule-based error; (2) lapse in execution (1) judgement error; (2) execution slip (1) rule-based error; (2) knowledge-based mistake

Answer 27

(1) violation; (2) lapse in execution

Question 28

In decision-making, the selection of a solution depends on: 1. Subjective and objective criteria 2. Objectives to be achieved 3. Risks associated with each scenario/solution 4. Many decision-makers contributing 1, 3 and 4 1, 2 and 4 1, 2 and 3 2, 3 and 4

Answer 28

1, 2 and 3

Question 28

With regard to group role behaviour, which of the following statements is correct? 1. People with different goals often adopt different roles. 2. Roles may be defined by expectations associated with a position. 1 is correct, 2 is correct 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct

Answer 28

1 is correct, 2 is correct

Question 28

An authoritative leader of a group... is easy-going and adaptable to different types of groups in any situation. tends to become over-loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency. will be considered as a good listener by the other crew members. tends to easily manage all tasks by himself, even in an emergency situation.

Answer 28

tends to become over-loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency.

Question 29

With regard to group role behaviour, which of the following statements is correct? 1. Roles are partly defined by expectations associated with a position. 2. The role a person adopts in a group situation is independent of any goals. 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect 1 is correct, 2 is correct 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct

Answer 29

1 is correct, 2 is incorrect

Question 29

With regard to effective interpersonal interactions, which of the following statements is correct? 1. If a receiver is non-native speaker of the language being used, the sender will use more complicated words to inforce understanding 2. If a sender perceives that the receiver has minimal expertise in the subject concerned, the message will be simplified 3. Flying with a crew who know each other well is much safer because communication will always be free of conflicts. 4. If a sender considers doubt that the message has been understood correctly, clarification must be seeked. 3 and 4 1 and 3 2 and 4 1 and 2

Answer 29

2 and 4

Question 30

Regarding interpersonal interactions: 1. If the sender perceives that the receiver is incompetent, he/she will simplify the message 2. If the receiver is of non-native tongue, the sender will reinforce what he is saying by using more complicated words so as to optimize understanding 3. If the sender considers there is doubt that the message has been correctly understood, he/she must seek clarification. 4. It is much safer to fly with a crew who know each other well because communication will always be excellent. 2 and 4 are correct 1 and 3 are correct 1 and 2 are correct 2 and 3 are correct

Answer 30

1 and 3 are correct

Question 31

Internal conflict within oneself is described by the term: Intro-personal conflict Intra-personal conflict Inter-personal conflict Situational conflict

Answer 31

Intra-personal conflict

Question 32

Identify which of the situations below is an example of interpersonal conflict. 1. An inexperienced co-pilot realises that the very experienced and highly regarded training captain has made a mistake. However, he does not address this to the captain due to uncertainty. 2. A co-pilot recognises a mistake by the captain but does not correct him because the captain is known to be harsh and difficult to challenge. 3. A relatively inexperienced pilot is not yet familiar with the procedures, but is afraid to ask the captain for clarification because they do not to leave a negative impression. 1 and 3 3 only 2 only 1 and 2

Answer 32

2 only

Question 33

Stress reactions... - are registered in an internationally recognised list of stressors where the top items should be avoided. - remain unchanged by different environment or situations, but change with the characters themselves. - differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors. - are generally the same not only for all pilots, but also for professionals in other fields.

Answer 33

- differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors.

Question 34

An individual's perception of stress depends on the... - objective evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to cope with it. - subjective evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to cope with it. - conditions of the current situation and the captain's experience. - evaluation of the situation as difficult or easy only.

Answer 34

- subjective evaluation of the situation and one's abilities to cope with it.

Question 35

According to cockpit procedures, name one benefit of increasing automation: - Reduction in pilot workload associated with the manual task of flying. Less training is necessary because of decreasing workload Increasing stress level because of increasing monitoring tasks Better collaboration between cockpit and cabin crew because of increasing communication

Answer 35

- Reduction in pilot workload associated with the manual task of flying.

Question 36

Which of these operations are performed more effectively by people than by automatic systems? 1. Qualitative decision-making 2. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon 3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded 4. Detection of unusual conditions (smell, noise, etc.) 1 and 3 1 and 4 1 and 2 2 and 4

Answer 36

1 and 4

Question 37

Methods to overcome the disadvantages of cockpit automation are... - the awareness of the current situation and to practice manual flying skills regularly. - focussing on deviating instruments and monitor the automatic procedures continuously. - committing procedures and checklists to memory to decide faster in case of an irregularity. - working strictly to Standard Operating Procedures and checklists and ignore other influencing factors.

Answer 37

- the awareness of the current situation and to practice manual flying skills regularly.

Question 37

The "irony of automation" is the paradox that automation does much better than the pilot those things that a pilot already knows how to do well. The problem with automation is... - reduces the level of safety since pilots are challenged to understand the automatic systems. - that it excludes aspects of flying required in emergency situations, and that a pilot should be competent in. - that it procuces more workload since pilots have to deal with a lot of information. - that it requires complex systems that are expensive thus making it less cost-effective.

Answer 37

- that it excludes aspects of flying required in emergency situations, and that a pilot should be competent in.

Question 38

With regard to overcome disadvantages of automation, which of the following statements is correct? 1. Basic manual flying skills should be practiced and a mental picture of the current situation should be maintained. 2. Stick strickly to Standard Operating Procedures and checklists to ensure proper use of automation. 1 is correct, 2 is correct 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect

Answer 38

1 is correct, 2 is incorrect

Question 39

What is the meaning of "automation complacency"? - The tendency by flight crew to monitor and cross-check all automatic systems thoroughly, because systems can not be trusted - The circumstance where pilots fly the aircraft manually because they are unable to rely on the automatic systems - The circumstance where monitoring and cross-checking is reduced because of the belief in the infallibility of the automatic systems - The knowledge that human input is no longer necessary with all automated systems, because they are infallible

Answer 39

- The circumstance where monitoring and cross-checking is reduced because of the belief in the infallibility of the automatic systems

Question 39

In what way may a high degree of cockpit automation alter the traditional tasks of pilots? - The crew can pay more attention to in abnormal situations without monitoring the systems - Attention of the cockpit crew will increase as modern systems do not need to be monitored - Even on longer flights, crew coordination can be neglected without compromising safety - Attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced as a consequence of 'being out of the loop'

Answer 39

- Attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced as a consequence of 'being out of the loop'

Question 40

About the role automation should play with respect to flight safety, one can say: - Manual flying should be allowed only in good weather conditions - Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself - Automation should be used to assist pilots only in emergency situations - A maximum of automation should be used in order to avoid human error

Answer 40

Automation should be used as an aid to the pilot and not as an end in itself

Question 41

How can a pilot avoid automation complacency? - Never rely on the instruments, instead trust your "Seat-of-the-Pants" sense also in IMC - Regard the automatic system as additional crew members that needs to be crosschecked as well - Always fly the plane manually, also during periods of high workload or adverse conditions - Never accept any new automatic features in the cockpit

Answer 41

- Regard the automatic system as additional crew members that needs to be crosschecked as well

Question 42

Complacency... - leads to overconfidence in automated systems. - leads to fewer mistakes being made on an aircraft. - helps to react in a quicker way when a system fails. - leads to less confidence in automated systems.

Answer 42

- leads to overconfidence in automated systems.

Question 43

With more and more automation in cockpits... - it is easier for the flight crew members to monitor and verify the correctness of each other's actions. - the need for communication between the flight crew members continuously decreases. - coordination and communication have clearly improved in man-man and man-machine relations. - communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members.

Answer 43

- communication and coordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members.

Question 44

With regard to use of automation, which of the following statements is correct? 1. When used meaningful and with awareness of its weaknesses and dangers, Automation adds to overall safety of flight. 2. Manual flying should be restricted to VMC, automation should be used in IMC to support more complex instrument situations. 1 is correct, 2 is correct 1 is correct, 2 is incorrect 1 is incorrect, 2 is correct 1 is incorrect, 2 is incorrect

Answer 44

1 is correct, 2 is incorrect

Question 45

A flight deck crew encounters a situation where, while in LNAV/VNAV mode, the FMS has to be re-programmed due to a revised ATC clearance while flying in a high-traffic terminal area. Which of the following actions is appropriate for the flight crew to maintain maximum awareness of their flight status and to minimise errors? - As the LNAV/VNAV mode is the most accurate navigation system available to the pilots, both crew members should check the entry of the new LNAV/VNAV parameters at the same time to minimise errors during data entry - The FMS should be immediately switched off and the crew should respond to ATC instructions by flying the aircraft manually, therefore avoiding errors when entering new data and maintaining situational awareness - The commander should request a delay or hold in order to complete the entry of new LNAV/VNAV parameters and thereafter continue the approach - As re-programming the FMS in the LNAV/VNAV mode during high workload situations can lead to errors and adversely affect situational awareness, the crew could consider switching to a simpler level of automation, such as ALT/HDG mode, or even manual flying

Answer 45

- As re-programming the FMS in the LNAV/VNAV mode during high workload situations can lead to errors and adversely affect situational awareness, the crew could consider switching to a simpler level of automation, such as ALT/HDG mode, or even manual flying