Human Physiology Practice ch 13

Question 1

1. What type of feedback system does the pancreas-insulin-glucagon system represent, and what makes it that type of system

Answer 1

The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good example of a negative feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change. In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels.

Question 2

2. If you inject insulin into each of these people what would happen to…
   a.) someone without diabetes or clinical hypoglycemia who currently is hyperglycemic?

Answer 2

insulin is essential for survival in type 1 diabetes mellitus and insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The same insulin if taken in overdose in these patients or in non-diabetics can lead to hypoglycemic coma which can have varied outcomes from complete reversal to death.

Question 3

2. b.) someone with a form of diabetes who currently is hyperglycemic?

Answer 3

Someone who forms of diabetes who is currently hyperglycemic is that their blood sugar is high and they have to return to normal after carbohydrate consumption

Question 4

2. c.) someone with clinical hypoglycemia who currently is hyperglycemic?

Answer 4

For someone with clinical hypoglycemia who currently is hyperglycemic, they have low blood sugar and is normal after not eating for a while.

Question 5

3. If you inject glucagon into each of these people what would happen to…
   a.) someone without diabetes or clinical hypoglycemia who currently is hyperglycemic?

Answer 5

When blood glucose is low, the body doesn’t have the fuel to function the right way.

Question 6

3. b someone with a form of diabetes who currently is hyperglycemic?

Answer 6

Glucagon increases blood sugar levels, whereas insulin decreases blood sugar levels. If your pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or your body doesn’t use it properly

Question 7

3. c.) someone with clinical hypoglycemia who currently is hyperglycemic?

Answer 7

High blood sugar, also called hyperglycemia, affects people who have diabetes. Several factors can play a role in hyperglycemia in people with diabetes

Question 8

4. How do Type I and Type II Diabetes differ and how would each be treated differently in a clinical context?

Answer 8

type 1 diabetes is a genetic disorder that often shows up early in life, and type 2 is largely diet-related and develops over time

Treatment:
You can manage type 2 diabetes in more ways than type 1. These include medication, exercise, and diet. People with type 2 can also be prescribed insulin.

Question 9

5. How are the kidneys necessary for the maintenance of a constant blood pH?

Answer 9

The kidneys help maintain the acid-base balance by excreting hydrogen ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine

Question 10

6. How are the lungs necessary for the maintenance of a constant blood pH?

Answer 10

Thus lungs also help maintain the pH level. If the pH of the blood becomes too acidic, the breathing rate increases. The increased breathing rate reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. So the blood pH increases and comes to a normal level

Question 11

7. If lung function is compromised what happens as a result based on…
   a.) the inability to obtain enough oxygen?

Answer 11

A low oxygen level in the blood can cause shortness of breath and air hunger (the feeling that you can’t breathe in enough air). making it respiratory acidemia

Question 12

7.b.) the inability to release carbon dioxide?

Answer 12

making it respiratory acidosis making it Respiratory failure can occur when your respiratory system is unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from your blood, causing it to build up in your body

Question 13

8. a.) Write the equation for the carbonate buffer system

Answer 13

CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3

Question 14

8. b.) explain how it is directly or indirectly connected to glucose metabolism, blood pH regulation, and blood gas transport

Answer 14

The pH of any fluid is inversely related to the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]. Increased [H+] results in decreased pH, which is termed acidemia