Human Reproduction

Question 1

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 1

Features that distinguish males from females, but are not part of the reproductive system.

Question 2

Menstrual cycle

Answer 2

A series of cyclical changes that occur in the female reproductive system over a 28-day period

Question 3

Follicular phase (days 1-13)

Answer 3

1. The shedding of the lining of the endometrium. (Menstruation)
2. The lining of the uterus regenerates and the egg in the ovary develops. (Proliferative stage)
3. FSH secretes from the pituitary
4. New graafian follicles form in the ovaries.
5. Oestrogen levels become critical.
6. The pituitary gland produces LH.

Question 4

Ovulation(day 14)

Answer 4

1. Egg released from the ovary because of LH
2. Graafian follicle becomes corpus luteum.
3. Oestrogen levels decrease slightly

Question 5

Luteal phase(days 15-28)

Answer 5

1. corpus luteum secretes progesterone and a small amount of oestrogen.
2. Progesterone retains the endometrium to the end of the cycle.
3. Corpus luteum degenerates progesterone and oestrogen levels drop

Question 6

Fibroids

Answer 6

Benign tumours that grow in the muscular wall of the uterus

Question 7

Copulation

Answer 7

The insertion of an erect penis into the vagina

Question 8

Orgasm

Answer 8

Occurs when sexual arousal reaches a climax.

Question 9

Ejaculation

Answer 9

The release of semen from the penis.

Question 10

Fertilisation

Answer 10

The fusion of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell to produce a diploid zygote.

Question 11

Fertile period

Answer 11

The time at which the female is most likely to become pregnant

Question 12

Implantation

Answer 12

The embedding of the embryo into the lining of the uterus.

Question 13

Placenta

Answer 13

• An organ made from embryonic and uterine tissue which forms in the uterus during pregnancy
• Provides a link between the mother and child.

Question 14

Haemolytic reaction

Answer 14

Mix of blood types

Question 15

Morula

Answer 15

A ball of undifferentiated cells that forms as a result of mitosis.

Question 16

Blastocyst

Answer 16

A fluid filled sac containing an inner cell mass (ICM) that gives rise to the embryo.

Question 17

Trophoblast

Answer 17

The outer layer of the blastocyst.

Question 18

Stages of Childbirth

Answer 18

1. Labour:
   - The pituitary secretes Oxytocin
   - Contractions of the uterus
   - Amniotic sac bursts, amniotic fluid released.
2. Parturition:
   - The cervix is dilated
   - The baby passes out from the vagina.
3. Afterbirth:
   - Continued contractions of the uterus.
   - The placenta passes from the uterus a few minutes afterbirth

Question 19

Lactation

Answer 19

The production and secretion of milk by the breasts of the female in response to the hormone Prolactin.

Question 20

Breast Feeding

Answer 20

The feeding of a baby/infant directly from the breast.

Question 21

Birth Control

Answer 21

Procedures taken to control the number of offspring produced.

Question 22

Abortion

Answer 22

The physical removal of a foetus from the uterus.

Question 23

Contraception

Answer 23

• The intentional prevention of pregnancy
• Stopping fertilisation or implantation from occurring

Question 24

Infertility

Answer 24

The inability to contribute to conception.

Question 25

In vitro fertilisation

Answer 25

Fertilising an egg cell with a sperm cell outside the body.