Human Skeleton

Question 1

Number of bones in a full-grown adult

Answer 1

206

Question 2

Number of bones in a newborn baby

Answer 2

~300

Question 3

Why do babies have more bones than adults?

Answer 3

• They require gaps in their skeleton to be safely delivered
• Extra bones fuse into one bone over time

Question 4

Axial skeleton

Answer 4

midline (skull, vertebral column, ribcage)

Question 5

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 5

attached to the skeleton (arms, legs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle)

Question 6

Joint

Answer 6

location where bones meet

Question 7

ligaments

Answer 7

connect bone to bone

Question 8

tendons

Answer 8

connect muscle to bone

Question 9

joint capsule

Answer 9

encloses entire joint cavity in a membrane to hold in fluid

Question 10

types of joints (3)

Answer 10

• fibrous joints
• cartilaginous joints
• synovial joints

Question 11

fibrous joints (3)

Answer 11

• dense connective tissue fills the cavity and fuses bones together
• does not allow movement
  e.g., cranium bones

Question 12

cartilaginous joints (3)

Answer 12

• cartilage fills the cavity
• allows limited movements
  e.g., ribs

Question 13

synovial joints (2)

Answer 13

• fluid fills the cavity
• motion is limited by how bones fit

Question 14

flexion

Answer 14

angle between bones decreases

Question 15

extension

Answer 15

angle between bones increases

Question 16

abduction

Answer 16

away from midline

Question 17

adduction

Answer 17

toward midline

Question 18

rotation

Answer 18

bone pivots

Question 19

supination

Answer 19

bone pivots outwards

Question 20

pronation

Answer 20

bone pivots inwards

Question 21

synovial joint movement types (5)

Answer 21

• ball/socket
• hinge
• saddle
• pivot
• gliding

Question 22

goniometer

Answer 22

measures range of motion in joints

Question 23

frature

Answer 23

loss of continuity in bone

Question 24

pathological fractures

Answer 24

caused by underlying medical conditions weakening bone or minor trauma

Question 25

traumatic fractures

Answer 25

occur as a result of high impact or stress

Question 26

FOOSH

Answer 26

fall on outstretched hand

Question 27

symptoms of fractures

Answer 27

- pain - swelling - muscle spasms (trying to hold pieces together)

Question 28

diagnosis of fractures

Answer 28

x-ray to determine extent of damage and positioning of bones

Question 29

fracture classification (12)

Answer 29

- closed/simple - open/compound - complete - incomplete - linear - transverse - oblique - spiral - impacted - comminuted - evulsion - greenstick

Question 30

treatment for fratures

Answer 30

- immobilization so that body is locked into ideal position for healing - casting - reduction places displaced bones in original position

Question 31

joint separation / dislocation (description, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications)

Answer 31

- abnormal movement of bones at a joint such that they are no longer in their original position, damaging surrounding soft tissue - symptoms: pain, immobility, loss of strength, deformity - diagnosis: physical examination and x-ray - treatment: reduction, stabilization, splint - complications: reaggravation due to chronic instability, may lead to amputation is vessels or nerves are damaged

Question 32

sprain (description, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, prevention)

Answer 32

- ligaments are stretched beyond capacity leading to tearing, categorized by degree of damage - symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising, loss of mobility - diagnosis: mri, physical tests - treatment: surgery may be required, others w/ RICE - prevention: proper form, strength conditioning, taping / bracing

Question 33

RICE

Answer 33

rest, ice, compress, elevate

Question 34

MEAT

Answer 34

movement, exercise, analgesics, treatment

Question 35

PEACE + LOVE

Answer 35

protect, elevate, avoid anti-flammatory modalities, compress, educate load, optimism, vascularisation, exercise

Question 36

strain (description, prevention)

Answer 36

- muscles or tendons being torn, typically from overuse - prevention: incorporate rest into exercise