Pathogens

Question 1

Pathogen

Answer 1

Infectious agent that causes disease in a host organism

Question 2

Antigen

Answer 2

Molecule on the surface of a pathogen or other cell which serve as identification

Question 3

Types of pathogens (5)

Answer 3

• virus
• bacteria
• fungus
• prion
• parasites

Question 4

Bacterial pathogens (3)

Answer 4

• single-celled prokaryotic organisms
• child cells are identical to the parent
• most are harmless or beneficial

Question 5

Bacteria shapes (3)

Answer 5

coccus: sphere
bacillus: pill
spirillum: spiral

Question 6

Fungal pathogens (3)

Answer 6

• single or multicellular eukaryotic organisms
• practice extracellular digestion
• superficial (skin) or systemic (blood)

Question 7

Mycosis

Answer 7

a fungal infection, more common in plants than in animals

Question 8

Prion Pathogens (5)

Answer 8

• misshapen proteins which cause healthy proteins to lose their shape and function
• affects nervous tissue
• will always be fatal if untreated
• transmitted via blood-blood contact or ingestion of nervous tissue
• can happen at random if a protein misfolds (although rare)

Question 9

Natural methods to prevent entry of pathogens into the body

Answer 9

• hair / cilia: filter out and trap particles in mucus to easily expel
• stomach acid: kills many microorganism
• skin: separates interior from exterior and changing from dry/oily, pathogens cannot survive in the changing environment

Question 10

Microbiome

Answer 10

collection of microbes that live on/in us in a mutualistic relationship

Question 11

Antibiotics

Answer 11

type of drug which kills disease but harms the microbiome

Question 12

Probiotics

Answer 12

live microorganisms to restore balance of microbes after or during antibiotics, but can be harmful

Question 13

Prebiotics

Answer 13

type of drug which contain food for microbes

Question 14

Most important part of the body for microbes

Answer 14

gut

Question 15

First exposure to microbiome

Answer 15

birth canal

Question 16

Problems with exposing babies to microbes (3)

Answer 16

• c-sections
• not breastfeeding
• overdone cleanliness

Question 17

C.diff

Answer 17

bacterial infection which is treated with fecal transplant to facilitate a more diverse microbiome

Question 18

non-specific immunity (3)

Answer 18

• branch of the immune system for generic response to any pathogen
• causes inflammation in vasodilation (opening blood vessels) to increase blood flow to an area
• increases temperature, increases production of white blood cells

Question 19

macrophages (2)

Answer 19

• type of white blood cell
• ingests a pathogen, displays its antigen on its surface for specific immunity

Question 20

specific immunity

Answer 20

learned defense system against specific pathogens

Question 21

lymphocytes (2)

Answer 21

• type of white blood cell
• attacks pathogens with displayed antigens

Question 22

t-lymphocytes + variations (5)

Answer 22

• lymphocyte with 4 variations, matures in thymus gland
  helper: activates immune cells
  killer: destroys infected cells
  suppressor: deactivates immune cells
  memory: reactivates if ever re-exposed to the same antigen

Question 23

b-lymphocytes

Answer 23

• lymphocyte which matures in the bone marrow
• produces antibodies

Question 24

immunity

Answer 24

end product of an immune response, where one does not suffer from exposure/infection due to a very rapid immune response

Question 25

passive immunity

Answer 25

short-lived due to transfer of antibodies (mother to child via placenta and breastmilk, antibody treatment)

Question 26

active immunity

Answer 26

long lived due to development of memory cells

Question 27

ELISA testing

Answer 27

Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Question 28

PCR testing

Answer 28

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 29

antibiotics

Answer 29

Substances that kill/inhibit growth of bacteria, fungi, or protists

Question 30

Broad spectrum antibiotics (2)

Answer 30

- kills many microorganisms - can harm good bacteria

Question 31

narrow spectrum antibiotics

Answer 31

- kills only specific species - strains lab due to testing many people

Question 32

bactericidal antibiotics

Answer 32

targets cell membranes, cell walls, or key enzymes

Question 33

bacteriostatic antibiotics

Answer 33

target protein synthesis so the harmful cell cannot grow or divide

Question 34

discoverer of penicilin

Answer 34

Alexander Fleming

Question 35

adaptations by bacteria which develop resistance to antibiotics

Answer 35

- developing processes that bypass the drug - make enzymes to destroy drug - change transport in/out - change shape of drug’s target

Question 36

ways humans accelerate building resistance to drugs (3)

Answer 36

- not taking quantity prescribed - improper disposal - using them as preventative measures

Question 37

Sexually transmitted infections

Answer 37

pathogens that have an increased likelihood of being transmitted via sexual activity (but not limited to)

Question 38

factors affecting STI transmission (6)

Answer 38

- number of partners - unprotected sex - drug / alcohol use - history of STI or current STI - age / body size - sex work