hydrosphere

Question 1

what percentage of water falls in the ocean

Answer 1

97%

Question 2

what percentage of water falls on the land

Answer 2

3%

Question 3

where does most evaporation occur from

Answer 3

water in the ocean/seas

Question 4

what is evapo-transpiration

Answer 4

water lost from the surface of vegetation

Question 5

most evapo-transpiration

Answer 5

forests/trees

Question 6

where is most FRESH water found from

Answer 6

75% of ice sheets

Question 7

what is surface run off

Answer 7

when the water flows through mountains and meets the ocean/seas

Question 8

whats ground water

Answer 8

24% of soil and movement through rocks

Question 9

EXPLAIN THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE (8M)

Answer 9

97% of the world’s water can be found from seas and oceans. The sun causes the water to evaporate from these surfaces and water changes from a liquid to a gas. As the water vapour rises, it cools down, causing condensation producing clouds. water is also lost by evapotranspiration which is water lost from vegetations. Precipitation is when rain, hail and snow falls from the sky which goes into infiltration. the water will percolate through the rocks and soil which is known as groundwater and through flow is when the water flows through the mountains and meets the sea/ocean where 3% of the fresh water is then stored.

Question 10

what is a river basin

Answer 10

the area where the river drains

Question 11

what is a watershed

Answer 11

divides different river basins

Question 12

explain the term discharge and flood hydrograph

Answer 12

flood hydrograph shows rainfall and the volume of water in a river. the discharge is the ammount of water

Question 13

peak discharge

Answer 13

the maximum discharge in the river

Question 14

lag time

Answer 14

the lag is how long it takes the river to flow down

Question 15

base flow

Answer 15

the water that comes out the ground

Question 16

rising limb

Answer 16

the rising flood water in the river

Question 17

falling limb

Answer 17

the falling flood water in the river

Question 18

relief affecting the river

Answer 18

steep slopes allow water to enter the river quickly, water flows into the river slowly due to gentle slopes

Question 19

land use affecting river

Answer 19

impermeable rock like granite and concrete, surfaces, sloping roofs, guttering and underground drainage transfers water very quickly to rivers. (a short lag time = steep rising limbs)

Question 20

rock types affecting rivers

Answer 20

impermeable rocks such as granite doesn’t allow water to infiltrate (short lag) permeable rock such as limestone allows water to pass through it. water runoff lower

Question 21

vegetation affecting rivers

Answer 21

vegetation will soak in any percipitation, it has a (long lag time). tress have larger and deeper root systems than grass/heather moorland.

Question 22

reasons for steep rising/falling limbs

Answer 22

heavy rain, impermeable rocks in cities, no vegetation, drainage system

Question 23

reasons for gentle rising/ falling slopes

Answer 23

vegetation, permeable rocks, mountains, less drainage, less rain

Question 23

FORMATION OF A MEANDER. PART 1

Answer 23

in a river channel there is alternating irregularity of pods and riffles. the pools are deeper areas of slow moving waters and the riffles are shallow and fast moving waters. this causes the water to flow from side to side

Question 24

FORMATION OF A MEANDER. PART 2

Answer 24

fast flowing water flows around the outside causing erosion. Hydraulic action is responsible (water forcing the apart). this produces a river cliff. the slow water flows around the inside depositing the material. producing a point bar.

Question 25

FORMATION OF MEANDER. PART 3

Answer 25

The helicoidal flow takes the material from the cliff depositing on a point bar

Question 26

FORMATION OF AN OX-BOW LAKE (continue from meander)

Answer 26

lateral erosion occurs on the outside bends of a pronounced meander. the narrow neck of land gradually becomes narrower and the neck is cut through due to the river during floods. it is then cut off and sealed by deposition which leaves behind an ox-bow lake starting to split up.

Question 27

FORMATION OF A WATERFALL. PART 1

Answer 27

waterfalls are found in the upper course of a river, where hard rock such as granite overlies on top of the soft rock such as limestone.

Question 28

FORMATION OF A WATERFALL. PART 2

Answer 28

the soft rock is eroded out producing a plunge pool. hydraulic action erodes by forcing air into the cracks of the rocks pushing them apart. Attrition smoothes the plunge pool as the rocks act like sand paper

Question 29

FORMATION OF WATERFALL. PART 3

Answer 29

the overhang is no longer supported and collapses into the plunge pool. the waterfall then retreats upstream.

Question 30

FORMATION OF A WATERFALL. PART 4

Answer 30

as the waterfall retreats it produces a river gorge

Question 31

FORMATION OF A V-SHAPED VALLEY. PART 1

Answer 31

the river cuts downwards eroding out a gorge shape, the river erodes by hydraulic action and attrition. hydraulic action when the force of the water pushes the rocks apart. attrition is the rubbing of rocks together

Question 32

FORMATION OF A V-SHAPED VALLEY. PART 2

Answer 32

the sides are weathered by freeze thaw. freeze thaw is when water goes into the cracks and freezes in a rock, pushing it apart. the ice will melt during the day and the rocks will fall apart

Question 33

FORMATION OF A V-SHAPED VALLEY. PART 3

Answer 33

the loose materials move down due to gravity. this is know as soil creep or landslides. the river then transports the material downstream