What is the leading cause of death in the U.S.?
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), 1 in 3 deaths, more women than men.
What percent of men and women who die suddenly from CHD had no prior symptoms?
50% of men and 64% of women.
What are the traditional lipid measures?
LDL-C, HDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides.
What advanced measures are more predictive of risk?
ApoB and LDL-P (lipoprotein particle measures).
Why may diabetics appear ‘normal’ on LDL-C but still be high risk?
They often have small dense LDL particles.
What is non-HDL cholesterol and why is it important?
Total cholesterol − HDL; strong predictor of MI capturing all ApoB lipoproteins.
When is advanced lipid testing (e.g., LipoProfile) considered?
In diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or family history of premature CVD.
What are emerging CVD risk factors?
Lp(a), hs-CRP, fibrinogen, small dense LDL.
What is primary prevention?
Preventing the first CVD event.
What is secondary prevention?
Preventing recurrence in patients with known ASCVD.
What does the 2013 AHA/ACC Pooled Cohort Risk Calculator include?
Demographics, cholesterol, BP, diabetes, smoking.
Why did guidelines shift away from LDL goals?
Treatment is now based on overall ASCVD risk.
What are the 4 main patient categories per 2013 AHA/ACC guidelines?
- Clinical ASCVD,
- LDL ≥190,
- Diabetes age 40–75 with LDL 70–189,
- 10-yr ASCVD risk ≥7.5% without ASCVD or DM.
What diet is recommended for lipid management?
Mediterranean or DASH; low saturated/trans fat; cholesterol <200 mg/day.
How much exercise is recommended?
≥150 minutes/week moderate intensity.
What defines high-intensity statin therapy?
LDL ↓ ≥50% (e.g., Atorvastatin 40–80 mg, Rosuvastatin 20–40 mg).
What defines moderate-intensity statin therapy?
LDL ↓ 30–49% (e.g., Atorvastatin 10–20 mg, Rosuvastatin 5–10 mg, Simvastatin 20–40 mg, Pravastatin 40–80 mg).
How is statin intensity selected?
Based on ASCVD risk category and percent risk.
Why is statin + niacin/fibrate contraindicated?
FDA warning (2016).; increased chance of muscle toxicity (rhabdo), doesn’t provide additional CV benefit.
What can be added if statins are insufficient?
Ezetimibe or PCSK9 inhibitors.
What medical conditions can cause dyslipidemia?
Hypothyroidism, diabetes, CKD, liver disease.
What drugs can cause dyslipidemia?
Oral contraceptives, steroids, thiazides, beta-blockers.
What labs screen for secondary causes?
TSH, fasting glucose, renal & liver function tests.
What are common statin side effects?
Myalgia, mild ↑ LFTs, GI upset.
-
Diabetes57
-
Social Determinants of Health10
-
Thyroid46
-
IPE21
-
Hypertension29
-
Hyperlipidemia34
-
Nutrition55
-
Anemia30
-
Genetics26
-
Older Adult Depression26
-
Delirium30
-
Dementia + Behavioral Disturbances52
-
Movement Disorders38
-
FINAL-- Neuro pt. 220
-
FINAL- Pulmonary31
-
FINAL- Cardiac60
-
FINAL- GI50
-
FINAL- Adolescent78
-
FINAL- Psych60
-
FINAL- ID68
-
FINAL- Geriatric Syndromes25
-
FINAL- Renal/ Fluid and Electrolytes59
-
FINAL- Oncology45
-
FINAL- Functional Rehab25
-
FINAL- Anemia pt 2/ Hematologic Urgenies47
-
FINAL- Pain20
-
FINAL- Seizures39
