CXR features of lobar pneumonia? (2)
- Dense consolidation
- air bronchograms
CXR features of bronchopneumonia?
Patchy , segmental opacities
CXR features of interstitial pneumonia?
- Diffuse hazy opacities
Epidural vs subdural haemorrhage on Ct scan?
Subdural: concave/crescent shaped, seen along skull , banana shape (bleed of bridging veins )
Epidural: convex / lens shaped. Looks like its going into brain. Lemon shape (bleed of MMA )
Name 5 CXR features of left heart failure
ABcDE
- alveolar oedema (“bat’s wings”)
- Kerley B lines (interstitial oedema )
- cardiomegaly
- dilated prominent upper lobe vessels
- pleural effusion
Name 5 causes diffuse reticular interstitial opacities on CXR
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
- Connective Tissue Diseases (e.g. scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis)
- Atypical Pneumonia
- Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
- Asbestosis
- Chronic Aspiration
- Pulmonary Drug Toxicity (e.g. nitrofurantoin, cyclophosphamide)
- Sarcoidosis
- Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
- Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
- Lymphangitis Carcinomatosis
CXR signs pulmonary oedema? (4)
- Bilateral shadowing (bat’s wing)
- small effusions at costophrenic angles
- fluid in lung fissures
- Kerley B lines
Management pulmonary edema? (3)
- Airway
- breathing: sit patient upright (reduce preload) and give oxygen, CPAP.
- circulation:
→ iv line, monitor ECG and treat arrhythmia. Do investigations
→ IV nitrates (reduce preload, afterload)
→ iv furosemide! 40 - 80 my slowly. (Larger doses in renal failure. ) - Disability
- exposure
Name 5 causes diffuse nodular interstitial opacities on CXR
Nodules <2 mm
- Miliary Tuberculosis
- Fungal Infection (e.g. histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis)
- Silicosis; Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
- Sarcoidosis
Nodules > 2cm
- Metastatic Cancer
- Subacute Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
- Lymphoma
- Sarcoidosis
- Granulomatosis with Polyanglitis
- Rheumatoid nodules
Describe picture 3
Reticular interstitial opacities (lines)
Causes: pulmonary fibrosis, connective tissue diseases eg scleroderma
Describe picture 4
Nodular interstitial opacities
Causes: military tb, fungal infection, sarcoidosis
Describe picture 5
Reticulonodular interstitial infiltrates ( lines and dots)
Identify picture 6
Nodular interstitial infiltrates: miliary Tb
Abdominal ultrasound findings liver cirrhosis? (3)
- Nodular surface
- atrophy of the right lobe
- loss of homogeneity with fibrous septa
- initially hepatomegaly, later atrophy and shrinkage
CXR COPD? (5)
- Hyperinflation!: diaphragm pushed down + flattened , horizontal ribs+ widened intercostal spaces
- hyperlucency of lung tissue (decreased lung markings)
- long + narrow heart shadow
- emphysema: parenchymal Bullae / subpleural blebs ( air spaces)
- increased ap diameter + retrosternal space increased on lateral view
Name sign in picture 11
Kerley B lines
Found in LHF, pulmonary edema
Identify picture 14
See picture 15
Identify and diagnose picture 16
Honeycomb sign
Bronchiectasis
