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IMAGING SCIENCE Flashcards

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1
Q

study of hardware, software, networking and all the processes that fall under the umbrella of giving life to a machine to enable it to perform complicated tasks and actions

A

computer science

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2
Q

is the study and activity of designing, constructing and programming computers

A

computer technology

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3
Q

is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer based information systems particularly software applications and computer hardware

A

information technology

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4
Q

mainly deals with information which includes collection, selection, organization, processing, management and dissemination

A

information science

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5
Q

branch of medical science that applies biological and physiological principles to clinical pracice

A

biomedicine

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6
Q

application of information technology to healthcare

electronics systems that healthcare professionals use to store, share and analyze health information

A

healthcare information technology

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7
Q

term ____ was coined as the name of one of the first software companies

A

informatics

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8
Q

is the science of information and all its aspects storage, how it is processed, communicated and used

A

informatics

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8
Q

_____ informatics has two revolutions that changed the nature of medicine and research

it bridges the two areas to further out comprehension of disease processes through the unique lens of imaging

A

medical imaging informatics

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8
Q

________ informatics can assist research, analyze clinical care and monitor public health through data mining, language processing, cognitive science and human interface design

A

biomedical informatics

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8
Q

providing the only in vivo means of studying disease and the human condition

refers to several different technologies that are used to view the human body in order to diagnose, monitor or treat medical conditions

A

medical imaging

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8
Q

development and adaptation of techniques from engineering, computer science and other fields to the creation and management of medical data and knowledge

A

biomedical informatics

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9
Q

one of the 2 types of images used in medical imaging

type of images that we look at that was recorded on film or displayed on various display devices

A

analog images

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10
Q

images recorded as many numbers

divided into matrix or array of pixels

A

digital images

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10
Q

small picture elements

related to the brightness or color that we’ll see and is converted to an analog image for display and viewing

A

digital images

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11
Q

binary digits also called as ___

A

bits

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12
Q

each digit space can have only two possible values, ____ or black

A

marked

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13
Q

using 4 bits, we can have __ different values because there __ ways the four bits can be marked

A

16

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14
Q

number of bits that have been made available in the digital system to represent each pixel in the image

A

pixel bit depth

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15
Q

is the dimensions of the field of view within the patient’s body not the size of a displayed image

A

image size

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16
Q

is the number of pixels along the length and width of an image

A

matrix size

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17
Q

in post processing, removal of superimposed or unwanted structures of an image

A

subtraction

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17
Q

in post processing, altering of image to display varying brightness

A

contrast enhancement

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18
Q

in post processing, reversal of the gray scale in the image

A

black/white reversal

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18
in digital imaging processing concepts, it is one in which the output image pixel value is obtained from a small area of pixels around the corresponding input pixel spatial filtering edge enhancement smoothing
local processing operations
18
provides guidance and structure to the communication and storage of digital medical images to transmit, store, retrieve, print, process and display medical imaging information
DICOM
18
in post processing, improves visibility of small, high contrast areas
edge enhancement
18
result of a multi society and industry collaboration designed to clarify and formalize the implementation of Uses Cases in medicine enables standards based ineroperability
Integrating Healthcare Enterprise
18
4 postprocessing in digital imaging processing concepts
subtraction contrast enhancement edge enhancement black/white reversal
18
in digital imaging processing concepts, this allow the user to change the position or orientation of pixels in the image rather that the brightness of the pixels results in scaling, sizing, rotation and translation of images to enhance diagnosis
geometric operations
18
is the capacity of two or more systems to share and communicate, allowing collaboration within an organization or between other systems
intraoperability
18
the concept of using computers in healthcare was introduced in the ____ for billing and finance reasons
1950s
18
these operations are used to isolate and highlight the objects of interest
image analysis
18
defines messages, documents formats and a variety of other standards to support care provision and communicate healthcare data across and between healthcare enterprises for the delivery and evaluation of healthcare services
Health Level 7 /HL7
19
DICOM
digital imaging and communication
19
according to him, standard is the primary grammar used to encapsulate symbolic representations of healthcare data among computers dealing in non imaging applications
Henderson 2007
19
__ processing shading corrections pattern recognition exposure field recognition
pre processing
19
to generate an image that is more pleasing to the observer contrast enhancement spatial and frequency filtering image combining noise reduction
image enhancement
19
___ processing contrast enhancement edge enhancement
post processing
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to reduce the size of the image in order to decrease transmission time and reduce storage space
image compression
19
to improve quality of images that have distortions or degradations commonplace in spacecraft imagery
image restoration
20
2 types of image compression
lossy lossless
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some loss of image details when the image is decompressed
lossy
22
no loss of any information in the image
lossless
22
more recent form of compression, no loss in both spatial and frequency information
wavelet compression
23
creates images from other images or non image data used when a desired image is either physically impossible or impractical to acquire or doses not exist in a physical form at all
image synthesis
23
a numerical representation of patient
digital image
24
changes the continuous analog signal into discrete digital data important step in generating a digital image simply because a digital computer requires discrete data for operation
analog to digital converter
25
two dimensional array of numbers which makes a digital image that consists of columns and rows that define small square regions called pixels
matrix
26
___ size is referred to as field of view
matrix size
27
make up the matrix, contains a number that represents a brightness level
pixels
28
pixels in a digital image represent the information contained in a volume of tissue in patient
voxels
29
number of bits per pixel 256 shades of gray = 2^8
bit depth
30
in post processing, to optimize the image contrast and density to enhance diagnostic interpretation of the image
contrast enhancement
30
in post processing, it is intended to adjust or control the sharpness or detail of an image by adjusting the frequency components of the image
edge enhancement
30
edge enhancement also known as ____
spatial frequency processing
30
underexposed : the image is ___
light
30
in electronic sharing methods, it is based methods allow an upload into a specific virtual mailbox, for an entire healthcare institution, a service group or a specific clinician
mailbox
30
overexposed : the image is ____
dark
31
in electronic sharing methods, it provides an off-site storage of imaging data and allow for the images to be exchanged in a portal or other web-based application
cloud based services
31
in electronic sharing methods, can involve creating a remote connection to a PACS or by utilising new technical architectures
direct sharing
31
this is where images are acquired in one location, stored on a single PACS but reported from a different physical location without the images being copied
teleradiology
31
maximum slope of the curve is known as the ___ of the film
gamma
32
defined as any sound wave about 20 KHz
ultrasound imaging
33
1942, neurologist first physician to use US for medical diagnosis
Karl Dussik
34
1948, MD first described the use of US to diagnose gallstones
George Ludwig
35
standard imaging technique in many organs, particularly gold standard for lung imaging
CT scan
36
discovered rotating magnetic field
Nikola Tesla
37
first invented MRI
Paul Lauterber
38
developed mathematical techniques to create clearer images and also in minutes rather than hours as Lauterbur did
Peter Mansfield
39
concept began with Albert Jutras in Canada in the 1950s
PACS
39
is an element of health informatics that focuses mainly on the administrational needs of hospitals
HIS
39
a network of computers used by radiology departments that replaces film with electronically stored and displayed digital images
PACS
39
it provides archives for storage of multimodality images, integrates images with patient database information, facilitates laser printing of images and displays both images and patient information at work stations throughout the network
PACS
39
is a universally accepted standard for exchanging medical images among the modality, viewing stations and the archive
DICOM
39
DICOM
digital imaging and communications in medicine
39
is a term that can be used in any industry or in any organization it simply means how a process is done, step by step
workflow
39
the ____ is the physical implementation of required functionality or what one sees from the outside
architecture
40
in CT scan, intensity values are more or less fixed
CT scan
40
DICOM first completed in ____, this standard laid the groundwork for the future development of integrated PACSs
1985
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