What effector cells (ones that attack) are produced by the bone marrow and become part of the innate immune system?
- Natural Killer Cells (A type of T cell)
- Leukocytes (granulocytes)
- Neutrophils
- Basophils (Mast cells)
- Esosinophils
What 3 types of granulocytes are there?
- PMNs (neutrophils)
- Don’t stain
- Basophils (mast cells)
- Stain blue because of the histamine granules
- Eosinophils
- Stain red
When is a basophil called a mast cell?
When it moves into tissue and doesn’t move, it is called a mast cell
Mast cells put out histamine. What 2 functions does histamine have that contributes to anaphylaxis?
- Vasodilation which causes
- edema if generalized
- hives if localized
- Smooth muscle contraction
- like the bronchiols
What is the function of eosinophils?
Not really known for sure.
- They are involved in combatting worms.
- They also have MBP (Major Basic Proteins)
- Causes damage to the pulmonary epithelium causing asthma
Neutrophils are phagocytic cells. How are they different from macrophages?
They are not antigen presenting cells. They eat the pathogen, break it up and kill it
General definition of a macrophage
It’s a monocyte that has moved from the blood stream into the tissues in reaction to some chemotactic signal from some tissue which is under stress from a pathogen
What are some different types of macrophages?
Microglia in brain
Kupffer cells in liver
Langerhans cells in the skin
etc.
Where are dendritic cells found?
Are they an important part of the innate immune system?
Under most of the skin and mucous surfaces
Yes. They come from the monocyte line
What 3 cells in the innate immune system phagocytose pathogens and kill them with ROS (burners)?
- Neutrophils
- Not an APC
- Macrophages
- An APC
- Dendritic cells
- An APC
How to tell if a cell is sick (as identified by an NK cell)
- Tumor cell
- It displays MICA on it’s surface
- Pathogen in cell
- Less MHC1 on surface
What are the 3 APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells)?
- Macrophage
- Dendritic cell
- B cell
What are the 4 phagocytic cells?
- Neutrophil
- Only one of the 4 that is not an APC
- Macrophage
- Dendritic cell
- B cell
When a pathogen enters the tissue, what attaches to it?
What immune cells recognize and are attracted to the attachment?
C3b
Macrophages
What proteins does the liver make for the innate immune system?
- C3a and b
- C5a and b
- MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)
- APO BE C3G
- Lactoferrin and ferritin
- MBL (Mannan Binding Lectin)
What proteins in the complement system does the liver make?
C3a, C3b
C5a, C5b
What are C3a and C5a also called (along with C4a?)?
Anaphylatoxins
What is C3b called?
Opsonin
What do Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC) do?
They drill holes in the membrane of pathogens
What does APO BE C3G do?
It causes hypermutation in DNA and RNA of HIV. Many people who have this mutation and have HIV are non progressors
What do Lactoferrin and ferritin do?
They chelate iron. Bacteria feed on iron. Without it they can’t replicate
What does MBL (Mannan Binding Lectin) do?
It binds to Mannose (which is on the surface of some bacteria) which labels a pathogen and exposes it to the rest of the immune system
With CD3 or CD4 cells, what does CD stand for?
Cluster of Differentiation/Designation
CD4 cells and CD8 cells are also called what?
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
